Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher
... In the first brain relay of the olfactory system, odors are encoded by combinations of glomeruli, but it is not known how glomerular signals are ultimately integrated. In Drosophila melanogaster, the majority of glomerular projections target the lateral horn. Here we show that lateral horn neurons ( ...
... In the first brain relay of the olfactory system, odors are encoded by combinations of glomeruli, but it is not known how glomerular signals are ultimately integrated. In Drosophila melanogaster, the majority of glomerular projections target the lateral horn. Here we show that lateral horn neurons ( ...
Modulation of Sympathetic and Somatomotor Function by the
... calculated as the difference of the maximum value during the poststimulus period (⫹30 s) minus the resting value. The tachycardia evoked by paw heat was somewhat variable and was observed in most, but not all (66/79), animals. Heart rate was labile, fluctuating in seemingly random fashion around a m ...
... calculated as the difference of the maximum value during the poststimulus period (⫹30 s) minus the resting value. The tachycardia evoked by paw heat was somewhat variable and was observed in most, but not all (66/79), animals. Heart rate was labile, fluctuating in seemingly random fashion around a m ...
PDF file
... can latexplained how top-down attentional enhancement in erally propagate along a traced curve, and also how contrast-sen. Weng et al. 2007 sitive perceptual grouping is carried out in [15] reported performance of the laminar cortical architecture for classification and recognition, and Weng et al. ...
... can latexplained how top-down attentional enhancement in erally propagate along a traced curve, and also how contrast-sen. Weng et al. 2007 sitive perceptual grouping is carried out in [15] reported performance of the laminar cortical architecture for classification and recognition, and Weng et al. ...
Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate
... the role of these projections in both avoidance and aversive memories. In RTPA, one side of a two-compartment box is paired with a stimulus that triggers an acute aversive response. However, it is important to note that RTPA is different from conditioned place aversion (CPA), in which rodents are br ...
... the role of these projections in both avoidance and aversive memories. In RTPA, one side of a two-compartment box is paired with a stimulus that triggers an acute aversive response. However, it is important to note that RTPA is different from conditioned place aversion (CPA), in which rodents are br ...
Lecture notes Neural Computation
... They suck up the spilt over neuro-transmitters, and others provide myelin sheets around the axons of neurons. More important for us are the neurons. There are some 1011 neurons in a human brain. The basic anatomy of the neurons is shown in Fig. 1.4: Every neuron has a cell body, or soma, contains th ...
... They suck up the spilt over neuro-transmitters, and others provide myelin sheets around the axons of neurons. More important for us are the neurons. There are some 1011 neurons in a human brain. The basic anatomy of the neurons is shown in Fig. 1.4: Every neuron has a cell body, or soma, contains th ...
Neurotransmitter Profile of Saccadic Omnipause Neurons in
... until appropriate eye movements were observed. Using these coordinates the injection site was calculated according to the atlas of Shanta et al. (1968). After a survival time of 17 hr the animal was killed with an overdose of Nembutal (80 mg/kg body weight) and transcardially perfused with 0.9% sali ...
... until appropriate eye movements were observed. Using these coordinates the injection site was calculated according to the atlas of Shanta et al. (1968). After a survival time of 17 hr the animal was killed with an overdose of Nembutal (80 mg/kg body weight) and transcardially perfused with 0.9% sali ...
Do cortical areas emerge from a protocottex?
... Some distinctions and similarities b e t w e e n cortical areas in the adult Areas of the adult neocortex are clearly dissimilar. Neocortical areas can be distinguished from one another by differences in connections, both outputs and inputs, as well as by distinctions in architecture, from different ...
... Some distinctions and similarities b e t w e e n cortical areas in the adult Areas of the adult neocortex are clearly dissimilar. Neocortical areas can be distinguished from one another by differences in connections, both outputs and inputs, as well as by distinctions in architecture, from different ...
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... Excitatory GABA currents are essential (necessary) for proper dendritic development ...
... Excitatory GABA currents are essential (necessary) for proper dendritic development ...
Neural Network Dynamics
... selectivity, and other features of neuronal responses to sensory input (reviewed, for example, in Dayan & Abbott 2001). In the absence of that input, neurons in these models are typically silent. Although this approach has had considerable success in accounting for response properties in primary sen ...
... selectivity, and other features of neuronal responses to sensory input (reviewed, for example, in Dayan & Abbott 2001). In the absence of that input, neurons in these models are typically silent. Although this approach has had considerable success in accounting for response properties in primary sen ...
OLED_Optogenetics_abstract_v3_wo_links
... (OLEDs) that provides unprecedented high-resolution optogenetic control of thousands of neurons at once. OLEDs are plastic-type organic semiconductors that are sandwiched between two thin-film electrodes (Fig. 1). Compared to conventional light sources, OLEDs can in principle address single neurons ...
... (OLEDs) that provides unprecedented high-resolution optogenetic control of thousands of neurons at once. OLEDs are plastic-type organic semiconductors that are sandwiched between two thin-film electrodes (Fig. 1). Compared to conventional light sources, OLEDs can in principle address single neurons ...
Muscle Contraction
... • The medullary reticulospinal tract originates in the medullary reticular formation and projects to motoneurons in the spinal cord. • Stimulation has a generalized inhibitory effect on both flexor and extensor muscles, with the predominant effect on extensors. • The lateral vestibulospinal tract or ...
... • The medullary reticulospinal tract originates in the medullary reticular formation and projects to motoneurons in the spinal cord. • Stimulation has a generalized inhibitory effect on both flexor and extensor muscles, with the predominant effect on extensors. • The lateral vestibulospinal tract or ...
Ramayya, A. G., Zaghloul, K. A., Weidemann, C. T., Baltuch, G. H.
... performed a two-alternative reinforcement learning task where they were asked to select between pairs of Japanese characters by pressing buttons on hand-held controllers. Immediately following each response, positive feedback (green screen, sound of cash register) or negative feedback (red screen, e ...
... performed a two-alternative reinforcement learning task where they were asked to select between pairs of Japanese characters by pressing buttons on hand-held controllers. Immediately following each response, positive feedback (green screen, sound of cash register) or negative feedback (red screen, e ...
Electrical Synapses in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... apart (Fig. 1 B). Four TRN cells were injected with neurobiotin, and their morphology was reconstructed. In all cases, only a single stained neuron was recovered (Fig. 1C). Each cell had an ovoid soma and a long primary axon that emanated dorsolaterally and coursed for several hundred micrometers. T ...
... apart (Fig. 1 B). Four TRN cells were injected with neurobiotin, and their morphology was reconstructed. In all cases, only a single stained neuron was recovered (Fig. 1C). Each cell had an ovoid soma and a long primary axon that emanated dorsolaterally and coursed for several hundred micrometers. T ...
SENSE AND THE SINGLE NEURON: Probing the Physiology of
... Our ultimate goal is to evaluate propositions about the relationship between neural activity and perception. We put forward here a list of idealized criteria that should be fulfilled if we are to claim that some neuron or set of neurons plays a critical role in the generation of a perceptual event. ...
... Our ultimate goal is to evaluate propositions about the relationship between neural activity and perception. We put forward here a list of idealized criteria that should be fulfilled if we are to claim that some neuron or set of neurons plays a critical role in the generation of a perceptual event. ...
Reward-Dependent Spatial Selectivity of Anticipatory Activity in
... 00288.2001. Many neurons show anticipatory activity in learned tasks. This phenomenon appears to reflect the brain’s ability to predict future events. However, what actually is predicted is unknown. Using a memory-guided saccade task, in which only one out of four directions was rewarded in each blo ...
... 00288.2001. Many neurons show anticipatory activity in learned tasks. This phenomenon appears to reflect the brain’s ability to predict future events. However, what actually is predicted is unknown. Using a memory-guided saccade task, in which only one out of four directions was rewarded in each blo ...
stereological estimates of dopaminergic, gabaergic and
... 20, 50 mM MgCl2). A staining solution made up from NBT/BCIP (nitro blue tetrazolium chloride/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate) phosphatase substrate (Roche) diluted in HP was applied for 2.5 h. The phosphatase reaction was terminated by washing in PBS. Optimal concentrations and incubation times ...
... 20, 50 mM MgCl2). A staining solution made up from NBT/BCIP (nitro blue tetrazolium chloride/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate) phosphatase substrate (Roche) diluted in HP was applied for 2.5 h. The phosphatase reaction was terminated by washing in PBS. Optimal concentrations and incubation times ...
Serotonin release from the neuronal cell body and its long
... concentration returns rapidly to basal levels. This occurs in the soma of Retzius neurons after a 20 Hz train (that lasts 500 ms), but yet seconds before the onset of the large-scale exocytosis (figure 2). However, a 20 Hz train produces summation of the calcium transients in response to each subseq ...
... concentration returns rapidly to basal levels. This occurs in the soma of Retzius neurons after a 20 Hz train (that lasts 500 ms), but yet seconds before the onset of the large-scale exocytosis (figure 2). However, a 20 Hz train produces summation of the calcium transients in response to each subseq ...
Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and
... examples where both sets of criteria were used in the same study. Thus, it is unknown whether the two sets of criteria would identify the same or different behaviors. Finally, it is also important to note that even after these behavioral criteria are met, it is possible that further practice on the ...
... examples where both sets of criteria were used in the same study. Thus, it is unknown whether the two sets of criteria would identify the same or different behaviors. Finally, it is also important to note that even after these behavioral criteria are met, it is possible that further practice on the ...
NIH Public Access
... specific to PV+ neurons (Fig. 1a). To measure the effect of ChR2 activation, we inserted a multichannel silicon probe4,5 near the injection site for simultaneous recording from all cortical layers (Supplementary Fig. 1b). Upon stimulation with blue (473 nm) laser, a small fraction (12/96, 13%) of th ...
... specific to PV+ neurons (Fig. 1a). To measure the effect of ChR2 activation, we inserted a multichannel silicon probe4,5 near the injection site for simultaneous recording from all cortical layers (Supplementary Fig. 1b). Upon stimulation with blue (473 nm) laser, a small fraction (12/96, 13%) of th ...
Role of Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress - Diabetes
... iabetic sensory polyneuropathy in humans and animal models is associated with a spectrum of structural changes in peripheral nerves that includes microangiopathy, axonal degeneration, segmental demyelination, and ultimately loss of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers (1,2). It has been proposed ...
... iabetic sensory polyneuropathy in humans and animal models is associated with a spectrum of structural changes in peripheral nerves that includes microangiopathy, axonal degeneration, segmental demyelination, and ultimately loss of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers (1,2). It has been proposed ...
Layer-Specific Markers as Probes for Neuron Type Identity in
... cerebral cortex contains 2 main classes of neurons, pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons, which both encompass multiple distinct types. Pyramidal neurons are the more abundant class, accounting for 75% to 85% of cortical neurons, whereas nonpyramidal neurons account for 15% to 25% (34, 35). Neurons of ...
... cerebral cortex contains 2 main classes of neurons, pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons, which both encompass multiple distinct types. Pyramidal neurons are the more abundant class, accounting for 75% to 85% of cortical neurons, whereas nonpyramidal neurons account for 15% to 25% (34, 35). Neurons of ...
Ventral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque: Anatomic Location and
... which a stimulus was presented, preferring a stimulus of equivalent visual angle and luminance presented near (within 20 cm) or very near (within 5 cm) the face. These neurons maintained their preference for near stimuli when tested monocularly, suggesting that visual cues other than disparity can s ...
... which a stimulus was presented, preferring a stimulus of equivalent visual angle and luminance presented near (within 20 cm) or very near (within 5 cm) the face. These neurons maintained their preference for near stimuli when tested monocularly, suggesting that visual cues other than disparity can s ...
Chapter 15
... eye deviated downwards and lateral. Left eyelid droop. What cranial nerve is involved? What kind of a visual problem would this patient have? What can the patient do to compensate for the visual problem? Will this condition persist? In the long run, how will the brain compensate for this problem? Is ...
... eye deviated downwards and lateral. Left eyelid droop. What cranial nerve is involved? What kind of a visual problem would this patient have? What can the patient do to compensate for the visual problem? Will this condition persist? In the long run, how will the brain compensate for this problem? Is ...
Coding of Auditory-Stimulus Identity in the Auditory Non
... Submitted 26 September 2007; accepted in final form 7 November 2007 ...
... Submitted 26 September 2007; accepted in final form 7 November 2007 ...
VIEW PDF - Glaucoma Today
... monkey stained with Nissl, the majority of neurons are arranged in six layers, indicated by numbers (A). Immunostaining for CaMKII-alpha of the control lateral geniculate nucleus shows CaMKII-alpha neurons between layers 1 and 2, between layers 2 and 3, and below layer 1 (layer S) as well as additio ...
... monkey stained with Nissl, the majority of neurons are arranged in six layers, indicated by numbers (A). Immunostaining for CaMKII-alpha of the control lateral geniculate nucleus shows CaMKII-alpha neurons between layers 1 and 2, between layers 2 and 3, and below layer 1 (layer S) as well as additio ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.