Feedforward and feedback inhibition in neostriatal GABAergic spiny
... presynaptic convergence and divergence and the net effect of the activation of each circuit on the postsynaptic activity of the spiny neuron. These data have revealed that the feedforward inhibition is powerful and widespread, with spiking in a single interneuron being capable of significantly delay ...
... presynaptic convergence and divergence and the net effect of the activation of each circuit on the postsynaptic activity of the spiny neuron. These data have revealed that the feedforward inhibition is powerful and widespread, with spiking in a single interneuron being capable of significantly delay ...
PDF file
... indicates the “belongingness” of the input y to the region Ri represented by lobe component vector (vi ). According to the theory of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (e.g., see Jolliffe (1986)), we know that the best solution of column vector vi is the principal component of the conditional covari ...
... indicates the “belongingness” of the input y to the region Ri represented by lobe component vector (vi ). According to the theory of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (e.g., see Jolliffe (1986)), we know that the best solution of column vector vi is the principal component of the conditional covari ...
Subthalamic Stimulation-Induced Synaptic Responses in Substantia
... of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
... of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... of the CNS extending downward from the hindbrain. The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae (backbone) asit passesdown the vertebral canal. The spinal cord terminates between the first two lumbar vertebrae in most adults. Neurons in the spinal cord are also functionally arranged so that areas de ...
... of the CNS extending downward from the hindbrain. The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae (backbone) asit passesdown the vertebral canal. The spinal cord terminates between the first two lumbar vertebrae in most adults. Neurons in the spinal cord are also functionally arranged so that areas de ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... of the CNS extending downward from the hindbrain. The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae (backbone) asit passesdown the vertebral canal. The spinal cord terminates between the first two lumbar vertebrae in most adults. Neurons in the spinal cord are also functionally arranged so that areas de ...
... of the CNS extending downward from the hindbrain. The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae (backbone) asit passesdown the vertebral canal. The spinal cord terminates between the first two lumbar vertebrae in most adults. Neurons in the spinal cord are also functionally arranged so that areas de ...
Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex
... representations were redundant and stable, despite dynamism of single-neuron representations. The activity of a subpopulation of neurons was consistent with touch driving licking behaviour. Our results suggest that ensembles of motor cortex neurons couple sensory input to multiple, related motor pro ...
... representations were redundant and stable, despite dynamism of single-neuron representations. The activity of a subpopulation of neurons was consistent with touch driving licking behaviour. Our results suggest that ensembles of motor cortex neurons couple sensory input to multiple, related motor pro ...
The Basal Ganglia and Chunking of Action Repertoires
... partially depolarized (to ca. 050 mV) and in which afferent inputs can generate action potentials (Wilson, 1993). The cortical inputs are glutamatergic, and the projection neurons have both non-NMDA and NMDA receptors (Kita, 1996). When the projection neurons are in down-state, NMDA receptors are bl ...
... partially depolarized (to ca. 050 mV) and in which afferent inputs can generate action potentials (Wilson, 1993). The cortical inputs are glutamatergic, and the projection neurons have both non-NMDA and NMDA receptors (Kita, 1996). When the projection neurons are in down-state, NMDA receptors are bl ...
Fundamentals of the Nervous System, Part 2
... • Ca2+ concentration increases in presynaptic terminal and ostsynaptic neuron • Brief high-frequency stimulation partially depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron – Chemically gated channels (NMDA receptors) allow Ca2+ entry – Ca2+ activates kinase enzymes that promote more effective responses to subseq ...
... • Ca2+ concentration increases in presynaptic terminal and ostsynaptic neuron • Brief high-frequency stimulation partially depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron – Chemically gated channels (NMDA receptors) allow Ca2+ entry – Ca2+ activates kinase enzymes that promote more effective responses to subseq ...
Conduction Velocity and Patellar Reflex Blah A. Blah Partner B
... (Jendrassik’s maneuver). It is believed that when the person is pulling their hands hard enough, the task will prevent them from anticipating a knee jerk because they will be distracted with the activity, which will result in an increase in the firing of neurons. Second, it is hypothesized that the ...
... (Jendrassik’s maneuver). It is believed that when the person is pulling their hands hard enough, the task will prevent them from anticipating a knee jerk because they will be distracted with the activity, which will result in an increase in the firing of neurons. Second, it is hypothesized that the ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... produced activation of the EEG (low voltage fast electrical activity, or LFA), an effect evoked by stimulation of the central core of the brainstem in a region extending upward from the bulbar RF to the mesodiencephalic junction, the dorsal hypothalamus, and the ventral thalamus. In many features t ...
... produced activation of the EEG (low voltage fast electrical activity, or LFA), an effect evoked by stimulation of the central core of the brainstem in a region extending upward from the bulbar RF to the mesodiencephalic junction, the dorsal hypothalamus, and the ventral thalamus. In many features t ...
Conduction Velocity and Patellar Reflex Blah A. Blah Parter 1
... (Jendrassik’s maneuver). It is believed that when the person is pulling their hands hard enough, the task will prevent them from anticipating a knee jerk because they will be distracted with the activity, which will result in an increase in the firing of neurons. Second, it is hypothesized that the ...
... (Jendrassik’s maneuver). It is believed that when the person is pulling their hands hard enough, the task will prevent them from anticipating a knee jerk because they will be distracted with the activity, which will result in an increase in the firing of neurons. Second, it is hypothesized that the ...
Effects of the Abused Inhalant Toluene on the
... often used to identify putative DA neurons during in vitro and in vivo recordings. However, there is now a convincing evidence that D2 modulation of firing is produced in only a subpopulation of DA neurons and that the VTA expresses an array of dopamine neurons with divergent electrophysiological pr ...
... often used to identify putative DA neurons during in vitro and in vivo recordings. However, there is now a convincing evidence that D2 modulation of firing is produced in only a subpopulation of DA neurons and that the VTA expresses an array of dopamine neurons with divergent electrophysiological pr ...
Self-Organization and Functional Role of Lateral Connections and
... frequency selectivity. In this so-called Miller's model [18], OR preference and spatial frequency selectivity develop together, and perhaps because of the interactions between these two domains, does not produce a clear columnar organization of spatial frequency selectivity. Although the above model ...
... frequency selectivity. In this so-called Miller's model [18], OR preference and spatial frequency selectivity develop together, and perhaps because of the interactions between these two domains, does not produce a clear columnar organization of spatial frequency selectivity. Although the above model ...
How Reliably Does a Neuron in the Visual Motion Pathway of fhe Fly
... 1366 Reliability of a fly motion-sensitive neuron on the relationship between the amplitude of the noise and that of the stimulus-induced response component ('SIRC'). In a normal behavioural situation the animal's own actions and reactions have immediate consequences on its sensory input. Therefore ...
... 1366 Reliability of a fly motion-sensitive neuron on the relationship between the amplitude of the noise and that of the stimulus-induced response component ('SIRC'). In a normal behavioural situation the animal's own actions and reactions have immediate consequences on its sensory input. Therefore ...
Center-Surround Interactions in the Middle Temporal Visual Area of
... visual stimuli. In one type of column, neurons responded well to objects such as a single bar or spot but poorly to large textured stimuli such as random dots. This was often due to the fact that the receptive fields had antagonistic surrounds: surround motion in the same direction as that preferred ...
... visual stimuli. In one type of column, neurons responded well to objects such as a single bar or spot but poorly to large textured stimuli such as random dots. This was often due to the fact that the receptive fields had antagonistic surrounds: surround motion in the same direction as that preferred ...
GAIT AND LOCOMOTION
... – often fire before the onset of movement – typically fire phasically during locomotion – increase intensity of activity during swing phase. ...
... – often fire before the onset of movement – typically fire phasically during locomotion – increase intensity of activity during swing phase. ...
Mental Processes -- How the Mind Arises from the Brain Roger Ellman
... Cognition is best understood by examining a model of a cognitive system. Such a model is presented in the following paper. Most discussions of the mind or brain focus on the "hardware", the neural structure and its biological / electrochemical functioning. But, it is the "software", how the neural c ...
... Cognition is best understood by examining a model of a cognitive system. Such a model is presented in the following paper. Most discussions of the mind or brain focus on the "hardware", the neural structure and its biological / electrochemical functioning. But, it is the "software", how the neural c ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... observation concerning visual stimuli indicates that some neural mechanism in addition to the direct sensory pathways is required for the maintenance of wakefulness. In 1949 Moruzzi and Magoun discovered that rapid stimulation (50-200/sec) of the brainstem produced activation of the EEG (low voltage ...
... observation concerning visual stimuli indicates that some neural mechanism in addition to the direct sensory pathways is required for the maintenance of wakefulness. In 1949 Moruzzi and Magoun discovered that rapid stimulation (50-200/sec) of the brainstem produced activation of the EEG (low voltage ...
HTM Neuron paper 12-1
... detect when a particular pattern occurs in the 200K cells. If a section of the neuron’s dendrite forms new synapses to just 10 of the 2,000 active cells, and the threshold for generating an NMDA spike is 10, then the dendrite will detect the target pattern when all 10 synapses receive activation at ...
... detect when a particular pattern occurs in the 200K cells. If a section of the neuron’s dendrite forms new synapses to just 10 of the 2,000 active cells, and the threshold for generating an NMDA spike is 10, then the dendrite will detect the target pattern when all 10 synapses receive activation at ...
characterisation of dopamine neurons of the murine ventral
... worldwide incidence of schizophrenia remains constant at about 1% (Prakash & Wurst, 2006). ...
... worldwide incidence of schizophrenia remains constant at about 1% (Prakash & Wurst, 2006). ...
BCM Theory
... Figure S3B). The model explains the large post-depression rebound peak (~200% of pre-lesion level) and the subsequent damped oscillatory behavior of DCN using an interaction among three variables of current PC input (brown curve in Figure S3B), its average (purple curve in Figure S3B) and the synapt ...
... Figure S3B). The model explains the large post-depression rebound peak (~200% of pre-lesion level) and the subsequent damped oscillatory behavior of DCN using an interaction among three variables of current PC input (brown curve in Figure S3B), its average (purple curve in Figure S3B) and the synapt ...
Loss of IP receptor function in neuropeptide Drosophila
... regulate lipid homeostasis in the fat body cells of adult Drosophila [22,23]. The obese phenotype observed in adult itpr mutants suggested a role for IP3 mediated calcium signaling in modulating ILP release and secretion. However, significant differences were observed between the phenotypes of itpr ...
... regulate lipid homeostasis in the fat body cells of adult Drosophila [22,23]. The obese phenotype observed in adult itpr mutants suggested a role for IP3 mediated calcium signaling in modulating ILP release and secretion. However, significant differences were observed between the phenotypes of itpr ...
Gee JNeuro 2012 - Stanford University
... containing a Cre-dependent construct for ChR2-EYFP (Sohal et 2008; Brown and Hestrin, 2009). A recent study found that al., 2009) (n ⫽ 6), Drd2::EGFP transgenic mice (n ⫽ 7), or in prefrontal layer V pyramidal neurons that project to CC or Drd2::Cre transgenic mice (line ER44) injected with AAV conb ...
... containing a Cre-dependent construct for ChR2-EYFP (Sohal et 2008; Brown and Hestrin, 2009). A recent study found that al., 2009) (n ⫽ 6), Drd2::EGFP transgenic mice (n ⫽ 7), or in prefrontal layer V pyramidal neurons that project to CC or Drd2::Cre transgenic mice (line ER44) injected with AAV conb ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.