Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
Neocortical Very Fast Oscillations (Ripples, 80–200 Hz) During
... in Fig. 11) had this pattern, which was revealed in filtered traces. Sometimes, recordings with macroelectrodes did not show this pattern, while local field potential recorded with a micropipette or cellular recordings did (see for example Fig. 11, DC field and glial cell recordings vs. EEG). Ripple ...
... in Fig. 11) had this pattern, which was revealed in filtered traces. Sometimes, recordings with macroelectrodes did not show this pattern, while local field potential recorded with a micropipette or cellular recordings did (see for example Fig. 11, DC field and glial cell recordings vs. EEG). Ripple ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... map in the higher brain center (Marin et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2002). Although variations exist in the patterns of PNs’ axon collaterals to the MB calyx, certain PN axons often give rise to similar numbers of MB collaterals that project in analogous directions in various organisms (Marin et al., 2 ...
... map in the higher brain center (Marin et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2002). Although variations exist in the patterns of PNs’ axon collaterals to the MB calyx, certain PN axons often give rise to similar numbers of MB collaterals that project in analogous directions in various organisms (Marin et al., 2 ...
Document
... environmental factors is not governed by chance however, but change in a cyclic and predictable pattern because they are driven by the daily rotation of the earth around its axis and its yearly trajectory around the sun. The day-night rhythms in the amount of light, temperature, humidity and many ot ...
... environmental factors is not governed by chance however, but change in a cyclic and predictable pattern because they are driven by the daily rotation of the earth around its axis and its yearly trajectory around the sun. The day-night rhythms in the amount of light, temperature, humidity and many ot ...
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CHAINS
... of the different axons. The number and complexity of central pathways ar‘e best described by saying that, with but few exceptions, at least one pathway can be found connecting any two central neurons in a .manner so that an impulse may be conducted from one to the other neuron in the direction of ax ...
... of the different axons. The number and complexity of central pathways ar‘e best described by saying that, with but few exceptions, at least one pathway can be found connecting any two central neurons in a .manner so that an impulse may be conducted from one to the other neuron in the direction of ax ...
Amygdala Modulation of Cerebellar Learning
... Instruments). The microdrive was grounded with a skull screw, and its base was secured to the rat with bone cement. Tetrode drivers were initially lowered 1.5 mm during surgery. Drivers were subsequently lowered to the target over a 3– 4 d period taking note of neuronal landmarks, such as the dense ...
... Instruments). The microdrive was grounded with a skull screw, and its base was secured to the rat with bone cement. Tetrode drivers were initially lowered 1.5 mm during surgery. Drivers were subsequently lowered to the target over a 3– 4 d period taking note of neuronal landmarks, such as the dense ...
Reduced Levels of Acetylcholine Receptor Expression in Chick
... oculomotor nucleus(AON), and the AON is accessiblefor surgical removal in the embryo prior to the time of synapseformation in the ganglion (Martin and Pilar, 1963a,b;Cowan and Wenger, 1968; Narayanan and Narayanan, 1976; Landmesser and Pilar, 1978; Furber et al., 1987). Normally, innervation beginsa ...
... oculomotor nucleus(AON), and the AON is accessiblefor surgical removal in the embryo prior to the time of synapseformation in the ganglion (Martin and Pilar, 1963a,b;Cowan and Wenger, 1968; Narayanan and Narayanan, 1976; Landmesser and Pilar, 1978; Furber et al., 1987). Normally, innervation beginsa ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... and mammals may provide a test case for examining the determinants of central vestibular organization. Although utricular function seems roughly comparable between these groups, lagenar and saccular functions diverge significantly in ways that should be reflected in both afferent projections and cen ...
... and mammals may provide a test case for examining the determinants of central vestibular organization. Although utricular function seems roughly comparable between these groups, lagenar and saccular functions diverge significantly in ways that should be reflected in both afferent projections and cen ...
The role of eyes in early face processing: A rapid adaptation study of
... mechanisms of the face inversion effect (FIE) on the early face-sensitive event-related potential (ERP) component N170. Five categories of face-related stimuli (isolated eyes, isolated mouths, eyeless faces, mouthless faces, and full faces) and houses were presented in upright and inverted orientati ...
... mechanisms of the face inversion effect (FIE) on the early face-sensitive event-related potential (ERP) component N170. Five categories of face-related stimuli (isolated eyes, isolated mouths, eyeless faces, mouthless faces, and full faces) and houses were presented in upright and inverted orientati ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... Recent evidence suggests that local inhibitory processes are major determinants of LAT neuronal activity and are central to its normal functioning as, for example, a decrease in GABAergic neurons within this structure is correlated with the development of kindled seizures (Callahan et al. 1991). In ...
... Recent evidence suggests that local inhibitory processes are major determinants of LAT neuronal activity and are central to its normal functioning as, for example, a decrease in GABAergic neurons within this structure is correlated with the development of kindled seizures (Callahan et al. 1991). In ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... the recording electrode (Zhou and Hablitz 1996). After electrophysiological recordings, brain slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) at 4°C overnight. Without resectioning, slices were then processed for visualization of neurobiotin-filled neurons. Endogenous peroxid ...
... the recording electrode (Zhou and Hablitz 1996). After electrophysiological recordings, brain slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) at 4°C overnight. Without resectioning, slices were then processed for visualization of neurobiotin-filled neurons. Endogenous peroxid ...
Joseph and Heberlein 1 Tissue-specific Activation of a
... Understanding sensory systems that perceive environmental inputs and neural circuits that select appropriate motor outputs is essential for studying how organisms modulate behavior and make decisions necessary for survival. Drosophila melanogaster oviposition is one such important behavior, in which ...
... Understanding sensory systems that perceive environmental inputs and neural circuits that select appropriate motor outputs is essential for studying how organisms modulate behavior and make decisions necessary for survival. Drosophila melanogaster oviposition is one such important behavior, in which ...
The Effect of Slow Electrical Stimuli to Achieve Learning in Cultured
... response upon stimulation. They based their approach on general learning theories they referred to as ‘stimulus regulation principle’. In their experiments, the reward acted to reduce the driving stimulus, precluding the acquisition of any new stimulus-response associations. Thus, no separate neural ...
... response upon stimulation. They based their approach on general learning theories they referred to as ‘stimulus regulation principle’. In their experiments, the reward acted to reduce the driving stimulus, precluding the acquisition of any new stimulus-response associations. Thus, no separate neural ...
Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction
... from viral retrograde tracing studies (reviewed in [4]) which have shown that each of the larger cortico-subcortical circuits is comprised of multiple segregated subcircuits, centered on individual cortical areas. While the segregated circuit hypothesis emphasizes segregation, some degree of converg ...
... from viral retrograde tracing studies (reviewed in [4]) which have shown that each of the larger cortico-subcortical circuits is comprised of multiple segregated subcircuits, centered on individual cortical areas. While the segregated circuit hypothesis emphasizes segregation, some degree of converg ...
Visually induced and spontaneous behavior in the zebrafish
... Behavior is often conceived as resulting from a stimulus-response association. Under this paradigm, understanding the nervous system is reduced to finding the relation between a sensory input and a motor output. Yet, in naturally behaving animals, motor actions influence sensory perceptions just as ...
... Behavior is often conceived as resulting from a stimulus-response association. Under this paradigm, understanding the nervous system is reduced to finding the relation between a sensory input and a motor output. Yet, in naturally behaving animals, motor actions influence sensory perceptions just as ...
Disentangling pleasure from incentive salience and
... duce increases in incentive salience or Pavlovian-triggered motivation (here called “wanting” in shorthand) (1, 31, 35–37). A neurochemical distinction has been made between opioid stimulation of the NAc hotspot, which amplifies hedonic impact (liking) as well as motivation (wanting) for reward, and ...
... duce increases in incentive salience or Pavlovian-triggered motivation (here called “wanting” in shorthand) (1, 31, 35–37). A neurochemical distinction has been made between opioid stimulation of the NAc hotspot, which amplifies hedonic impact (liking) as well as motivation (wanting) for reward, and ...
download file
... Changes in spatial (receptive field) and temporal response properties of cortical neurons underlie many forms of natural learning. The scale and direction of these changes appear to be determined by specific features of the behavioral tasks that evoke cortical plasticity. The neural mechanisms respo ...
... Changes in spatial (receptive field) and temporal response properties of cortical neurons underlie many forms of natural learning. The scale and direction of these changes appear to be determined by specific features of the behavioral tasks that evoke cortical plasticity. The neural mechanisms respo ...
Role of the basal ganglia in conditional associative learning
... The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of primates (also called conditional associative learning). The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops are thought to play a key role in such behavior. The present research was under ...
... The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of primates (also called conditional associative learning). The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops are thought to play a key role in such behavior. The present research was under ...
Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex
... capacity to switch attention from one source to another, and the capacity to access and manipulate information in long-term memory (Baddeley and Della Sala, 1998). Rabbitt (1997) described seven features of the executive control. First, executive control is necessary to deal with novel tasks. Second ...
... capacity to switch attention from one source to another, and the capacity to access and manipulate information in long-term memory (Baddeley and Della Sala, 1998). Rabbitt (1997) described seven features of the executive control. First, executive control is necessary to deal with novel tasks. Second ...
Executive Control Over Cognition: Stronger and Earlier Rule
... Human cognition is characterized by flexibility, the ability to select not only which action but which cognitive process to engage to best achieve the current behavioral objective. The ability to tailor information processing in the brain to rules, goals, or context is typically referred to as execu ...
... Human cognition is characterized by flexibility, the ability to select not only which action but which cognitive process to engage to best achieve the current behavioral objective. The ability to tailor information processing in the brain to rules, goals, or context is typically referred to as execu ...
Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium
... years, several mathematical plasticity rules have been shown to fit satisfactorily a wide range of experimental data in hippocampal and neocortical in vitro preparations. In particular, a model in which plasticity is driven by the postsynaptic calcium concentration was shown to reproduce successfull ...
... years, several mathematical plasticity rules have been shown to fit satisfactorily a wide range of experimental data in hippocampal and neocortical in vitro preparations. In particular, a model in which plasticity is driven by the postsynaptic calcium concentration was shown to reproduce successfull ...
Response Suppression in V1 Agrees with Psychophysics of
... We then fit a sine wave to the mean time series, the frequency of which was determined by the block-alternation frequency and the phase of which was determined by separate reference scan measurements. The amplitude of this sine wave served as an estimate for the magnitude of response modulation in e ...
... We then fit a sine wave to the mean time series, the frequency of which was determined by the block-alternation frequency and the phase of which was determined by separate reference scan measurements. The amplitude of this sine wave served as an estimate for the magnitude of response modulation in e ...
Tuning Curve Shift by Attention Modulation in Cortical Neurons: a
... J1 = 6.38, A0 = 0 and A1 = 0.5. With this choice of parameters tuning curves in the second layer have approximately the same tuning width than receptive fields in the recurrent model, and are ~3.5 times larger than first-layer RFs. Notice also that by choosing T = 0 and S0 = 0, neurons in the first lay ...
... J1 = 6.38, A0 = 0 and A1 = 0.5. With this choice of parameters tuning curves in the second layer have approximately the same tuning width than receptive fields in the recurrent model, and are ~3.5 times larger than first-layer RFs. Notice also that by choosing T = 0 and S0 = 0, neurons in the first lay ...
Vision in Drosophila - University of Queensland
... measures were often necessarily simple. Much of what is known of developmental pathways was based on disrupting highly regular structures, such as patterns of cells in the eye. Similarly, reliable visual behaviors such as phototaxis and motion responses provided a solid foundation for dissecting vis ...
... measures were often necessarily simple. Much of what is known of developmental pathways was based on disrupting highly regular structures, such as patterns of cells in the eye. Similarly, reliable visual behaviors such as phototaxis and motion responses provided a solid foundation for dissecting vis ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.