Axo-axonic synapses formed by somatostatin
... Received 16 February 2001; Revised 18 May 2001; Accepted 25 June 2001 Published online the week of December 17, 2001 ...
... Received 16 February 2001; Revised 18 May 2001; Accepted 25 June 2001 Published online the week of December 17, 2001 ...
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase
... the compression of lower lumbar and sacral nerve roots on vascular and neural anatomy, cortical evoked potentials, impairment of impulse propagation and changes in neurotransmitters. In addition, correlative behavioral, neurological, neurophysiological and morphological analyses have been performed. ...
... the compression of lower lumbar and sacral nerve roots on vascular and neural anatomy, cortical evoked potentials, impairment of impulse propagation and changes in neurotransmitters. In addition, correlative behavioral, neurological, neurophysiological and morphological analyses have been performed. ...
computational modeling of observational learning - FORTH-ICS
... broadening the possible ways that robots can socialize. More importantly, modeling the underpinnings of this system will open new ways for robotics to implement inter‐subjective communication and different forms of cross‐modal interaction, leading to novel methods for associ ...
... broadening the possible ways that robots can socialize. More importantly, modeling the underpinnings of this system will open new ways for robotics to implement inter‐subjective communication and different forms of cross‐modal interaction, leading to novel methods for associ ...
Hypergravity hinders axonal development of motor neurons
... Earth and its stable gravitational conditions. Altering gravity can have profound impacts on the human body. This is especially relevant with the possibility of long-term space travel and habitation and the associated changes in gravity in different space environments. Although some of the effects o ...
... Earth and its stable gravitational conditions. Altering gravity can have profound impacts on the human body. This is especially relevant with the possibility of long-term space travel and habitation and the associated changes in gravity in different space environments. Although some of the effects o ...
The Structure and Plasticity of the Proximal Axon of Hippocampal
... Dendrites are one of two types of neuronal processes which emerge from the soma. Dendrites receive chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors. In response to afferent information, they integrate the synaptic inputs and generate electrical signals. As far as morphology is ...
... Dendrites are one of two types of neuronal processes which emerge from the soma. Dendrites receive chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors. In response to afferent information, they integrate the synaptic inputs and generate electrical signals. As far as morphology is ...
PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX NEURONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
... directions and velocities). Appropriate post hoc testing of differences between levels of global direction (Tukey’s least significant procedure) was carried out following detection of significant overall variable ratios. One-way analysis of variance (1-ANOVA) and post hoc test (Tukey’s least signifi ...
... directions and velocities). Appropriate post hoc testing of differences between levels of global direction (Tukey’s least significant procedure) was carried out following detection of significant overall variable ratios. One-way analysis of variance (1-ANOVA) and post hoc test (Tukey’s least signifi ...
The Neurons of the Medial Geniculate Body in the Mustached Bat
... within the mustached bat’s medial geniculate complex (Olsen, 1986). This arrangement undoubtedly reflects and also transforms the systematic pattern of best frequency prevailing in hindbrain and midbrain auditory centers (Pollak and Casseday, 1989). While a fovea may conserve one stimulus dimension ...
... within the mustached bat’s medial geniculate complex (Olsen, 1986). This arrangement undoubtedly reflects and also transforms the systematic pattern of best frequency prevailing in hindbrain and midbrain auditory centers (Pollak and Casseday, 1989). While a fovea may conserve one stimulus dimension ...
Feeding Stimulants Activate an Identified Dopaminergic Interneuron
... functionally linked in different combinations and in different temporal patterns. Additional motor plasticity can arise from variability in the rate of rhythmic activity (i.e., cycle period) and in the intensity of action potential bursts (i.e., graded changes in intraburst action potential number a ...
... functionally linked in different combinations and in different temporal patterns. Additional motor plasticity can arise from variability in the rate of rhythmic activity (i.e., cycle period) and in the intensity of action potential bursts (i.e., graded changes in intraburst action potential number a ...
Neural Induction in Xenopus: Requirement for Ectodermal and
... 2000). The Nieuwkoop center has also been called the ‘‘blastula organizer’’ in the early literature (Gerhart et al. 1991). The BCNE region develops in the dorsal animal and marginal region. In situ hybridization analyses at the blastula stage (7 h after fertilization) showed that the neural-inducing ...
... 2000). The Nieuwkoop center has also been called the ‘‘blastula organizer’’ in the early literature (Gerhart et al. 1991). The BCNE region develops in the dorsal animal and marginal region. In situ hybridization analyses at the blastula stage (7 h after fertilization) showed that the neural-inducing ...
Three-dimensional auditory localization in the
... transmit brief, intense, ultrasound signals and process information contained in the returning echoes to determine the position, size and shape of reflecting objects [7,8]. The acoustic features of sonar signals used to ensonify the surroundings, including the call repetition rate, spectrotemporal p ...
... transmit brief, intense, ultrasound signals and process information contained in the returning echoes to determine the position, size and shape of reflecting objects [7,8]. The acoustic features of sonar signals used to ensonify the surroundings, including the call repetition rate, spectrotemporal p ...
Serotonin modulates responses to species
... recordings were made. The loudspeaker was either a 1/ 4 inch Brüel & Kjaer (B&K) microphone biased with 200 V DC and driven as a loudspeaker, or a custom made loudspeaker (Schuller 1997). The B&K loudspeaker was flat within ±5 dB from 18 kHz to at least 60 kHz and the custom made loudspeaker was flat ...
... recordings were made. The loudspeaker was either a 1/ 4 inch Brüel & Kjaer (B&K) microphone biased with 200 V DC and driven as a loudspeaker, or a custom made loudspeaker (Schuller 1997). The B&K loudspeaker was flat within ±5 dB from 18 kHz to at least 60 kHz and the custom made loudspeaker was flat ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... we review the role VTA neurons play in opioid reward and reinforcement, and the synaptic and neural circuit mechanisms by which opioids control VTA neuronal activity. How are we using the term reward? Although there is broad consensus that addicting drugs produce ‘reward’, inconsistency in the use o ...
... we review the role VTA neurons play in opioid reward and reinforcement, and the synaptic and neural circuit mechanisms by which opioids control VTA neuronal activity. How are we using the term reward? Although there is broad consensus that addicting drugs produce ‘reward’, inconsistency in the use o ...
PDF - Department of Neurobiology and Behavior
... rate histogram was then obtained with 1,000 repetitions of randomly shifted data. P values for the rate minimum and maximum of the real data set were calculated by analyzing the frequency with which shifted data sets generated larger maxima or smaller minima in firing rates. Maximal rate increases a ...
... rate histogram was then obtained with 1,000 repetitions of randomly shifted data. P values for the rate minimum and maximum of the real data set were calculated by analyzing the frequency with which shifted data sets generated larger maxima or smaller minima in firing rates. Maximal rate increases a ...
Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
... The bone overlying the amygdala, insula, mesencephalon, and mPFC was removed bilaterally, and the dura mater was opened. To physiologically identify brainstem-projecting Ce neurons, two concentric stimulating electrodes were inserted stereotaxically, just dorsal to the substantia nigra, where Ce axo ...
... The bone overlying the amygdala, insula, mesencephalon, and mPFC was removed bilaterally, and the dura mater was opened. To physiologically identify brainstem-projecting Ce neurons, two concentric stimulating electrodes were inserted stereotaxically, just dorsal to the substantia nigra, where Ce axo ...
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... exhibit facilitation to rapidly repeated sounds. Neurons in PAF do not exhibit strong selectivity for rate or direction of narrowband one octave FM sweeps. These results indicate that PAF, like nonprimary visual fields, processes sensory information on larger spectral and longer temporal scales than ...
... exhibit facilitation to rapidly repeated sounds. Neurons in PAF do not exhibit strong selectivity for rate or direction of narrowband one octave FM sweeps. These results indicate that PAF, like nonprimary visual fields, processes sensory information on larger spectral and longer temporal scales than ...
Chapter 3 Overlapping circuits for relative value and selective
... not yet been investigated. Here we wished to gain insight into the effects of reward expectancy on neuronal activity in area V1 of macaque monkeys. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the relation between reward expectancy and attention (Maunsell, 2004). The effects of attention are as widespread acro ...
... not yet been investigated. Here we wished to gain insight into the effects of reward expectancy on neuronal activity in area V1 of macaque monkeys. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the relation between reward expectancy and attention (Maunsell, 2004). The effects of attention are as widespread acro ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
... Brains of orexin/ataxin-3 mice showed a temporal progression of apparent loss of orexin-containing neurons as determined by anti-orexin immunostaining. At postnatal day 5 we were not able to detect any differences in the number of orexin-containing neurons in orexin/ ataxin-3 mice and their wild-typ ...
... Brains of orexin/ataxin-3 mice showed a temporal progression of apparent loss of orexin-containing neurons as determined by anti-orexin immunostaining. At postnatal day 5 we were not able to detect any differences in the number of orexin-containing neurons in orexin/ ataxin-3 mice and their wild-typ ...
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons
... Zn was included in the exposure solution, this glutamateinduced neuronal losswasmarkedly reduced (Fig. 6B). Like the protective effect of Zn on NMDA neurotoxicity, the protective effect of Zn on glutamate showeda U-shapedZn concentration dependence,with maximal protective effect at 300 FM (Fig. 7). ...
... Zn was included in the exposure solution, this glutamateinduced neuronal losswasmarkedly reduced (Fig. 6B). Like the protective effect of Zn on NMDA neurotoxicity, the protective effect of Zn on glutamate showeda U-shapedZn concentration dependence,with maximal protective effect at 300 FM (Fig. 7). ...
Afferent Input to Nucleus Submedius in Rats
... each rat was cut transversely on a freezing microtome at 100 pm immediately following dissection. Identified spinal cord segments and cauda1 medulla were placed in 10% formalin for at least 12 hr and subsequently sectioned at a thickness of 40 pm. Alternate serial sections were mounted and sealed un ...
... each rat was cut transversely on a freezing microtome at 100 pm immediately following dissection. Identified spinal cord segments and cauda1 medulla were placed in 10% formalin for at least 12 hr and subsequently sectioned at a thickness of 40 pm. Alternate serial sections were mounted and sealed un ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... temporal auditory cortices (Dolan et al., 1995; Frith and Dolan, ...
... temporal auditory cortices (Dolan et al., 1995; Frith and Dolan, ...
High acetylcholine sets circuit dynamics for attention and
... termed sharp waves (Buzsaki, 1986; Chrobak and Buzsaki, 1994). Acetylcholine levels decrease even more dramatically during slow wave sleep, to levels less than one third of those observed during active waking (Jasper et al., 1971; Kametani and Kawamura, 1990; Marrosu et al., 1995). Slow wave sleep i ...
... termed sharp waves (Buzsaki, 1986; Chrobak and Buzsaki, 1994). Acetylcholine levels decrease even more dramatically during slow wave sleep, to levels less than one third of those observed during active waking (Jasper et al., 1971; Kametani and Kawamura, 1990; Marrosu et al., 1995). Slow wave sleep i ...
Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function
... MSN integrate vast numbers of inputs to generate spikes that represent the sole output of the striatum to downstream basal ganglia nuclei. Synaptic plasticity in the striatum is thus well-suited for regulating basal ganglia circuit activity. The most influential model of basal ganglia circuit functi ...
... MSN integrate vast numbers of inputs to generate spikes that represent the sole output of the striatum to downstream basal ganglia nuclei. Synaptic plasticity in the striatum is thus well-suited for regulating basal ganglia circuit activity. The most influential model of basal ganglia circuit functi ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.