Reference frames for representing the location of visual and tactile
... common frame of reference, one might expect a spatial congruence between the encoded regions of the head surface and extrapersonal visual space. The analysis presented above suggests that this hypothesis is unlikely to hold for all neurons and for all eye positions. Indeed, bimodal cells showed the ...
... common frame of reference, one might expect a spatial congruence between the encoded regions of the head surface and extrapersonal visual space. The analysis presented above suggests that this hypothesis is unlikely to hold for all neurons and for all eye positions. Indeed, bimodal cells showed the ...
Inhibitory interneurons in a cortical column form hot zones of
... Only on the basis of such prevalence numbers is it possible to interpret data on single-cell physiology (1–8) and synaptic connections of pairs of neurons (9–12) at the circuit level. The distribution of cortical neurons and INs has therefore been the objective of several studies over the past decad ...
... Only on the basis of such prevalence numbers is it possible to interpret data on single-cell physiology (1–8) and synaptic connections of pairs of neurons (9–12) at the circuit level. The distribution of cortical neurons and INs has therefore been the objective of several studies over the past decad ...
Propofol Inhibits Neuronal Firing Activities in the Caudal
... in the CVLM. These neurons may also display different neuronal firing patterns. Our study also showed that the inhibitory effect of propofol on different neurons in the CVLM was not homogeneous, with some potent inhibitions and some mild inhibitions detected. We also found that some neurons were ins ...
... in the CVLM. These neurons may also display different neuronal firing patterns. Our study also showed that the inhibitory effect of propofol on different neurons in the CVLM was not homogeneous, with some potent inhibitions and some mild inhibitions detected. We also found that some neurons were ins ...
Neuronal control of leech behavior - Emory Biology
... middle panel) have provided intracellular and extracellular recordings during each of the behaviors, thereby revealing the underlying motor neuronal firing patterns. The isolated nervous system (bottom panel), in its entirety or in pieces, produces motor patterns that are distinguishable as the neur ...
... middle panel) have provided intracellular and extracellular recordings during each of the behaviors, thereby revealing the underlying motor neuronal firing patterns. The isolated nervous system (bottom panel), in its entirety or in pieces, produces motor patterns that are distinguishable as the neur ...
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata
... To test the behavioral representation of stable object-value memories, we used a free viewing task (Yasuda et al. 2012). On each trial, four of a set of eight fractal objects were chosen randomly, regardless of their values, and were presented simultaneously for 2 s. The monkey was free to look at t ...
... To test the behavioral representation of stable object-value memories, we used a free viewing task (Yasuda et al. 2012). On each trial, four of a set of eight fractal objects were chosen randomly, regardless of their values, and were presented simultaneously for 2 s. The monkey was free to look at t ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
... The KCNQ/M channel blocker linopirdine induces intrinsic bursting by augmenting the spike ADP To explore the function of KCNQ/M channels in shaping the intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 p ...
... The KCNQ/M channel blocker linopirdine induces intrinsic bursting by augmenting the spike ADP To explore the function of KCNQ/M channels in shaping the intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 p ...
Receptive Fields of Second-order Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb of
... Clark, 1951; Mozell, 1958; Land et al., 1970; Land, 1973; Land and Shepherd, 1974; Costanzo and Mozell, 1976). Anatomical studies such as those by Land (1973) and Land and Shepherd (1974) have shown that there are particular areas of the olfactory epithelium which project to localized regions in the ...
... Clark, 1951; Mozell, 1958; Land et al., 1970; Land, 1973; Land and Shepherd, 1974; Costanzo and Mozell, 1976). Anatomical studies such as those by Land (1973) and Land and Shepherd (1974) have shown that there are particular areas of the olfactory epithelium which project to localized regions in the ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... content, indicating reduced synaptic vesicle release from motor neuron terminals in response to evoked stimulation (Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). However, given the high safety factor for neuromuscular transmission (for a review, see Wood and Slater, 2001), the consequences of a 2-fold redu ...
... content, indicating reduced synaptic vesicle release from motor neuron terminals in response to evoked stimulation (Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). However, given the high safety factor for neuromuscular transmission (for a review, see Wood and Slater, 2001), the consequences of a 2-fold redu ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... provide parallel inhibitory and excitatory stimuli. For a long time in the past, it was thought that the vagus nerve provides only excitatory influences to the gut. One of the major advances in our understanding of how the vagus nerve controls gastrointestinal motility is the realization that vagal ...
... provide parallel inhibitory and excitatory stimuli. For a long time in the past, it was thought that the vagus nerve provides only excitatory influences to the gut. One of the major advances in our understanding of how the vagus nerve controls gastrointestinal motility is the realization that vagal ...
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
... 1.1 Energy Homeostasis and Obesity Despite recent advances in our knowledge of mechanisms responsible for regulating energy expenditure, obesity remains one of the most serious health concerns worldwide. Obesity is associated with a wide array of adverse health effects including insulin resistance, ...
... 1.1 Energy Homeostasis and Obesity Despite recent advances in our knowledge of mechanisms responsible for regulating energy expenditure, obesity remains one of the most serious health concerns worldwide. Obesity is associated with a wide array of adverse health effects including insulin resistance, ...
Functional Organization in the Motor Cortex
... this trend here by studying directionality of reaching movements in humans using fMRI, and attempt to bridge over the gap between electrophysiological data from monkeys and imaging data from humans. Hubel and Wiesel have showed in the 1960’s that neurons in the primary visual cortex are organized ac ...
... this trend here by studying directionality of reaching movements in humans using fMRI, and attempt to bridge over the gap between electrophysiological data from monkeys and imaging data from humans. Hubel and Wiesel have showed in the 1960’s that neurons in the primary visual cortex are organized ac ...
Sleep/Neurology-The Orexin System
... The global AD group had orexin levels that were positively correlated with total tau proteins and strictly related to sleep impairment Cognitive impairment (as measured by MMSE) was correlated with sleep structure deterioration (reduction in SWS and increased amounts of WASO) ...
... The global AD group had orexin levels that were positively correlated with total tau proteins and strictly related to sleep impairment Cognitive impairment (as measured by MMSE) was correlated with sleep structure deterioration (reduction in SWS and increased amounts of WASO) ...
Behavioural Brain Research Learning processing in the basal ganglia
... who became amnesic after lesion to the medial temporal lobe (such as patient H.M.) have shown that these patients conserved some learning and memory abilities later named nondeclarative or procedural memories [190,196]. These clinical studies, complemented by investigations on animals with experimen ...
... who became amnesic after lesion to the medial temporal lobe (such as patient H.M.) have shown that these patients conserved some learning and memory abilities later named nondeclarative or procedural memories [190,196]. These clinical studies, complemented by investigations on animals with experimen ...
Response Differences in Monkey TE and Perirhinal Cortex: Stimulus
... patterns used in the DMS trials and the visual cues. Some response properties such as DMS pattern-related stimulus selectivity were similar. However, TE and perirhinal neurons also show strikingly different response properties. The latency distribution of perirhinal responses is centered 66 ms later ...
... patterns used in the DMS trials and the visual cues. Some response properties such as DMS pattern-related stimulus selectivity were similar. However, TE and perirhinal neurons also show strikingly different response properties. The latency distribution of perirhinal responses is centered 66 ms later ...
PDF
... However, the brain pays more attention to some stimuli—such as those that signal rewards or warn of potential threats—than to others. These stimuli receive extra attention because they activate a structure deep within the brain called the amygdala. The amygdala, which is named after the Greek word f ...
... However, the brain pays more attention to some stimuli—such as those that signal rewards or warn of potential threats—than to others. These stimuli receive extra attention because they activate a structure deep within the brain called the amygdala. The amygdala, which is named after the Greek word f ...
Cognon Neural Model Software Verification and
... Little is known yet about how the brain can recognize arbitrary sensory patterns within milliseconds using neural spikes to communicate information between neurons. In a typical brain there are several layers of neurons, with each neuron axon connecting to ∼ 104 synapses of neurons in an adjacent la ...
... Little is known yet about how the brain can recognize arbitrary sensory patterns within milliseconds using neural spikes to communicate information between neurons. In a typical brain there are several layers of neurons, with each neuron axon connecting to ∼ 104 synapses of neurons in an adjacent la ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... and their firing properties. In different regions of the brain including hippocampus (Acsady et al., 1993; Somogyi and Klausberger, 2005), cortex (Staiger et al., 2004), and basal ganglia (Parent et al., 1996), neurons that express calcium-binding proteins have been shown to have distinct functional ...
... and their firing properties. In different regions of the brain including hippocampus (Acsady et al., 1993; Somogyi and Klausberger, 2005), cortex (Staiger et al., 2004), and basal ganglia (Parent et al., 1996), neurons that express calcium-binding proteins have been shown to have distinct functional ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... An automatic threshold adaptation is one of the desirable extensions to the LISSOM model for enhancing its reliability and making it more relevant biologically [19, chapter 17]. In current LISSOM model, activation thresholds (the upper and lower bound of neuron’s activation function) should be tuned ...
... An automatic threshold adaptation is one of the desirable extensions to the LISSOM model for enhancing its reliability and making it more relevant biologically [19, chapter 17]. In current LISSOM model, activation thresholds (the upper and lower bound of neuron’s activation function) should be tuned ...
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive
... In this article, we examine novel forms of IIA violation that are necessarily predicted by constraints known to be imposed by neurobiology. To establish this point, we extend a Neural Random Utility Model (NRUM; Webb et al., 2013) to directly incorporate these neurobiological constraints. This model ...
... In this article, we examine novel forms of IIA violation that are necessarily predicted by constraints known to be imposed by neurobiology. To establish this point, we extend a Neural Random Utility Model (NRUM; Webb et al., 2013) to directly incorporate these neurobiological constraints. This model ...
Hippocampus, 22, 1703-1719
... learning-dependent reductions in the amplitude and duration of calcium-dependent postburst afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), accompanied by other increases in excitability (i.e., increased firing rate, or reduced spike-frequency accommodation) after trace eyeblink conditioning or spatial learning, wit ...
... learning-dependent reductions in the amplitude and duration of calcium-dependent postburst afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), accompanied by other increases in excitability (i.e., increased firing rate, or reduced spike-frequency accommodation) after trace eyeblink conditioning or spatial learning, wit ...
Mapping From Motor Cortex to Biceps and Triceps Altered By Elbow
... the effect of different kinds of electrical stimulation. In our previous study of motor cortex, we stimulated cortical sites in awake monkeys using trains of biphasic pulses at 200 Hz. The train duration ranged from 100 to 1,000 ms (typically 500 ms), and the currents ranged from 25 to 150 A. These ...
... the effect of different kinds of electrical stimulation. In our previous study of motor cortex, we stimulated cortical sites in awake monkeys using trains of biphasic pulses at 200 Hz. The train duration ranged from 100 to 1,000 ms (typically 500 ms), and the currents ranged from 25 to 150 A. These ...
Modelling Neuronal Mechanisms of the Processing of Tones and System
... The scientific study of the perception of sequences of alternating auditory stimuli has a long tradition. Already more than half a century ago, researchers started mapping the dependence of what humans perceive when listening to such sequences on the basic experimental parameters of spectral distanc ...
... The scientific study of the perception of sequences of alternating auditory stimuli has a long tradition. Already more than half a century ago, researchers started mapping the dependence of what humans perceive when listening to such sequences on the basic experimental parameters of spectral distanc ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.