Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... width showed no such clustering. By investigating the temporal patterns of neighbouring neurons in response to movies, visual noise and gratings, we found that stimulus-dependent responses, called “signals”, showed only small correlations (magnitude) on short time scales (10200 ms). The strengths of ...
... width showed no such clustering. By investigating the temporal patterns of neighbouring neurons in response to movies, visual noise and gratings, we found that stimulus-dependent responses, called “signals”, showed only small correlations (magnitude) on short time scales (10200 ms). The strengths of ...
The Dialectics of Hebb and Homeostasis within
... hand, this “phenotypic” classification approach raises a difficulty, especially for understanding when and where these mechanisms operate in vivo: most ways of manipulating activity are likely to simultaneously induce multiple forms of plasticity at excitatory synapses, so the changes one can measur ...
... hand, this “phenotypic” classification approach raises a difficulty, especially for understanding when and where these mechanisms operate in vivo: most ways of manipulating activity are likely to simultaneously induce multiple forms of plasticity at excitatory synapses, so the changes one can measur ...
Differential Characteristics of Face Neuron Responses Within the
... face (I-DMS task; Fig. 1A); this behavioral task was the same as that described in our preceding paper (Eifuku et al. 2004). In the I-DMS task, a sample (480 ms) stimulus was presented to the animal after fixation on a small point, and test (match or nonmatch, 480 ms) stimuli were subsequently prese ...
... face (I-DMS task; Fig. 1A); this behavioral task was the same as that described in our preceding paper (Eifuku et al. 2004). In the I-DMS task, a sample (480 ms) stimulus was presented to the animal after fixation on a small point, and test (match or nonmatch, 480 ms) stimuli were subsequently prese ...
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal
... onto neighboring parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons. Inhibitory connections from these two populations of interneurons are also much stronger onto corticoamygdala neurons. Consequently, BLA inputs are able to drive robust feedforward inhibition via two parallel interneuron pathways ...
... onto neighboring parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons. Inhibitory connections from these two populations of interneurons are also much stronger onto corticoamygdala neurons. Consequently, BLA inputs are able to drive robust feedforward inhibition via two parallel interneuron pathways ...
Full Text - Harvard University
... Opposite to Hull, Skinner approached the study of motivation entirely based on empirical observations. One of Skinner’s key contributions was that response rates and motivation levels of animals can be controlled by schedules of reinforcement imposed by the experimenter. Specifically, he observed th ...
... Opposite to Hull, Skinner approached the study of motivation entirely based on empirical observations. One of Skinner’s key contributions was that response rates and motivation levels of animals can be controlled by schedules of reinforcement imposed by the experimenter. Specifically, he observed th ...
Diversity of laminar connections linking periarcuate and
... Lateral prefrontal and intraparietal cortices have strong connectional and functional associations but it is unclear how their common visuomotor, perceptual and working memory functions arise. The hierarchical scheme of cortical processing assumes that prefrontal cortex issues ‘feedback’ projections ...
... Lateral prefrontal and intraparietal cortices have strong connectional and functional associations but it is unclear how their common visuomotor, perceptual and working memory functions arise. The hierarchical scheme of cortical processing assumes that prefrontal cortex issues ‘feedback’ projections ...
Topography of Visual Cortex Connections with Frontal Eye Field in
... are involved in orienting responses to peripheral visual as well as to acoustic stimuli and therefore are more closely related to spatial vision. This study examined the pattern of connections of frontal eye field (FEF) and surrounding prefrontal cortex with extrastriate visual areas and other postc ...
... are involved in orienting responses to peripheral visual as well as to acoustic stimuli and therefore are more closely related to spatial vision. This study examined the pattern of connections of frontal eye field (FEF) and surrounding prefrontal cortex with extrastriate visual areas and other postc ...
Shape Selectivity in Primate Frontal Eye Field
... research has been the idea that FEF is of major importance in transforming the outcome of visual processing into a command to orient (Schall 2004). Several more recent investigations have shown that although the initial activity of visually responsive neurons in FEF does not discriminate whether a t ...
... research has been the idea that FEF is of major importance in transforming the outcome of visual processing into a command to orient (Schall 2004). Several more recent investigations have shown that although the initial activity of visually responsive neurons in FEF does not discriminate whether a t ...
The Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
... thalamocoical systems is considered to be associated with increased motor or cognitive/ behavioral output of the brain, we can conclude ...
... thalamocoical systems is considered to be associated with increased motor or cognitive/ behavioral output of the brain, we can conclude ...
Corticomuscular Contributions to the Control of Rhythmic Movement
... the frontal, parietal and motor areas. The time-dependent activity in the motor areas of the cortex were linked to specific phases in the pedaling cycle. Lastly, simultaneous recordings of muscular and cortical activity showed a significant coherence between EEG signals and EMG signals. This cortico ...
... the frontal, parietal and motor areas. The time-dependent activity in the motor areas of the cortex were linked to specific phases in the pedaling cycle. Lastly, simultaneous recordings of muscular and cortical activity showed a significant coherence between EEG signals and EMG signals. This cortico ...
- Northumbria Research Link
... Recorded using a configuration of multiple electrodes placed over the scalp, the EEG is typically described in terms of rhythmic activity which can be divided into ‘bands’ based on the frequency of the signal. The exquisite sensitivity of EEG to changes in mental activity was first recognised in 192 ...
... Recorded using a configuration of multiple electrodes placed over the scalp, the EEG is typically described in terms of rhythmic activity which can be divided into ‘bands’ based on the frequency of the signal. The exquisite sensitivity of EEG to changes in mental activity was first recognised in 192 ...
Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... the cell types under study are fundamentally similar. Neurons are, in some sense, easier to define than glia. Although these cells come in myriad shapes and sizes, they share a number of basic properties. Neurons conduct fast currents and connect to other neurons, or to terminal cells (such as muscl ...
... the cell types under study are fundamentally similar. Neurons are, in some sense, easier to define than glia. Although these cells come in myriad shapes and sizes, they share a number of basic properties. Neurons conduct fast currents and connect to other neurons, or to terminal cells (such as muscl ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
... Transgenic mice with a constitutively active form of CREB have recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically in ...
... Transgenic mice with a constitutively active form of CREB have recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically in ...
The Neuroscientist
... system might encode pitch cues as neural spiking responses. Predicting the pitch that will be evoked by a pure tone is rather straightforward—the pitch will be equal to the frequency of the tone. In this special case, the pitch can be derived as the place of maximal activation along the tonotopic ma ...
... system might encode pitch cues as neural spiking responses. Predicting the pitch that will be evoked by a pure tone is rather straightforward—the pitch will be equal to the frequency of the tone. In this special case, the pitch can be derived as the place of maximal activation along the tonotopic ma ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... 3 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America ...
... 3 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America ...
The auditory cortex
... Abstract The division of the auditory cortex into various ®elds, functional aspects of these ®elds, and neuronal coding in the primary auditory cortical ®eld (AI) are reviewed with stress on features that may be common to mammals. On the basis of 14 topographies and clustered distributions of neuron ...
... Abstract The division of the auditory cortex into various ®elds, functional aspects of these ®elds, and neuronal coding in the primary auditory cortical ®eld (AI) are reviewed with stress on features that may be common to mammals. On the basis of 14 topographies and clustered distributions of neuron ...
Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an
... brain, just ~30,000 dopamine neurons reside in these nuclei (Zaborszky and Vadasz, 2001). As with other monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotonin and noradrenaline, this small population of midbrain dopamine neurons exerts its influence over much of the brain as a neuromodulator. Ho ...
... brain, just ~30,000 dopamine neurons reside in these nuclei (Zaborszky and Vadasz, 2001). As with other monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotonin and noradrenaline, this small population of midbrain dopamine neurons exerts its influence over much of the brain as a neuromodulator. Ho ...
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of sleep
... • The present analysis of sleep does not provide any quantification of dreams. • It is essential to develop a technique to record and quantify dream phase of sleep. • There may be some basis in the ancient wisdom of putting emphasis on dreams. • Better quantitative and qualitative analysis of sleep ...
... • The present analysis of sleep does not provide any quantification of dreams. • It is essential to develop a technique to record and quantify dream phase of sleep. • There may be some basis in the ancient wisdom of putting emphasis on dreams. • Better quantitative and qualitative analysis of sleep ...
Outputs of Radula Mechanoafferent Neurons in Aplysia are
... The transmission of sensory information from the periphery to the nervous system is modulated both at the level of primary sensory afferents (Brooke et al. 1997; Gu and MacDermott 1997; Hill et al. 1997; Passaglia et al. 1998; Pasztor and Macmillan 1990) and at various stages of processing in the CN ...
... The transmission of sensory information from the periphery to the nervous system is modulated both at the level of primary sensory afferents (Brooke et al. 1997; Gu and MacDermott 1997; Hill et al. 1997; Passaglia et al. 1998; Pasztor and Macmillan 1990) and at various stages of processing in the CN ...
optical multistage interconnection networks
... An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is composed of a large number of h ...
... An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is composed of a large number of h ...
NEURAL NETWORKS
... receptive zones, constitute two types of cell filaments that are distinguished on morphological grounds; an axon has a smoother surface, fewer branches, and greater length, whereas a dendrite (so called because of its resemblance to a tree) has an irregular surface and more branches ...
... receptive zones, constitute two types of cell filaments that are distinguished on morphological grounds; an axon has a smoother surface, fewer branches, and greater length, whereas a dendrite (so called because of its resemblance to a tree) has an irregular surface and more branches ...
Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to Perception
... Functionally, the dendritic inhomogeneity of the STDP window may allow differential selection of synaptic inputs at different portions of the dendrites according to the temporal characteristics of the presynaptic spike trains, as suggested by simulation studies (38). Although spatial inhomogeneity i ...
... Functionally, the dendritic inhomogeneity of the STDP window may allow differential selection of synaptic inputs at different portions of the dendrites according to the temporal characteristics of the presynaptic spike trains, as suggested by simulation studies (38). Although spatial inhomogeneity i ...
Okamoto Devel Neurbiol Review
... saka, 2007, 2009). The habenular lesions in rats prevented change in the response strategy under stressful conditions that was more appropriate for a given environmental contingency (Thornton and Evans, 1982). Namely, in forced swimming test, the animals with bilateral lesions of the habenula cannot ...
... saka, 2007, 2009). The habenular lesions in rats prevented change in the response strategy under stressful conditions that was more appropriate for a given environmental contingency (Thornton and Evans, 1982). Namely, in forced swimming test, the animals with bilateral lesions of the habenula cannot ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.