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... they are the primary source of DA in target structures such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction ...
... they are the primary source of DA in target structures such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... or integration are comparatively rare. Furthermore, when neurons receiving auditory and somatosensory inputs have been reported, they showed the lowest incidence among the different patterns of multisensory convergence (Meredith and Stein, 1986; Wallace et al., 1992, 1993; Jiang et al., 1994a,b). Al ...
... or integration are comparatively rare. Furthermore, when neurons receiving auditory and somatosensory inputs have been reported, they showed the lowest incidence among the different patterns of multisensory convergence (Meredith and Stein, 1986; Wallace et al., 1992, 1993; Jiang et al., 1994a,b). Al ...
Mirror neurons in humans: Consisting or confounding
... for action observation. Therefore, a close inspection of the results presented in this study does not seem to support ‘mirror’ properties within the human brain. Grezes, Armony, Rowe, and Passingham (2003) conducted an fMRI study specifically designed to test ‘mirror’ activity within the human brain. ...
... for action observation. Therefore, a close inspection of the results presented in this study does not seem to support ‘mirror’ properties within the human brain. Grezes, Armony, Rowe, and Passingham (2003) conducted an fMRI study specifically designed to test ‘mirror’ activity within the human brain. ...
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS
... Anatomy Department finds essential to appreciate the structure and function of the central nervous system. It is important to see clearly, however, that this handout does not substitute for the textbooks, but it can be used best in combination with the texts and the illustrations found in them. It w ...
... Anatomy Department finds essential to appreciate the structure and function of the central nervous system. It is important to see clearly, however, that this handout does not substitute for the textbooks, but it can be used best in combination with the texts and the illustrations found in them. It w ...
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... network similar to those of Tritonia, because the animals share apparently homologous networks for these behaviors (Jing and Gillette, 1995; Jing et al., 1997; Jing and Gillette, 1998). In this animal, 5-HT stimulates multiple aspects of behavioral activity, including feeding behavior (Palovick et a ...
... network similar to those of Tritonia, because the animals share apparently homologous networks for these behaviors (Jing and Gillette, 1995; Jing et al., 1997; Jing and Gillette, 1998). In this animal, 5-HT stimulates multiple aspects of behavioral activity, including feeding behavior (Palovick et a ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... In spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, CaMKII activity is maintained at near maximal levels by calcium influx that occurs with each action potential: decreases in CaMKII activity oppose excitability by reducing BK currents. This unusual form of plasticity might be common to spontaneousl ...
... In spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, CaMKII activity is maintained at near maximal levels by calcium influx that occurs with each action potential: decreases in CaMKII activity oppose excitability by reducing BK currents. This unusual form of plasticity might be common to spontaneousl ...
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... The closely related LIM HD proteins Lhx6 and Lhx7 (also called L3/Lhx8) (Grigoriou et al., 1998; Matsumoto et al., 1996) have been implicated in the development of MGE derivatives, including cortical GABAergic interneurons and ventral forebrain cholinergic neurons (FCNs) (Alifragis et al., 2004; Bac ...
... The closely related LIM HD proteins Lhx6 and Lhx7 (also called L3/Lhx8) (Grigoriou et al., 1998; Matsumoto et al., 1996) have been implicated in the development of MGE derivatives, including cortical GABAergic interneurons and ventral forebrain cholinergic neurons (FCNs) (Alifragis et al., 2004; Bac ...
Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
Loss of TDP-43 causes age-dependent progressive motor neuron
... Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects upper and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. Although previous studies using animal models of ALS have focused mainly on the toxicity of mutant SOD1, one of the causative genes of f ...
... Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects upper and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. Although previous studies using animal models of ALS have focused mainly on the toxicity of mutant SOD1, one of the causative genes of f ...
Separate Representations of Target and Timing Cue Locations in
... session included 400 –1,000 correct trials depending on the isolation quality as monitored by the experimenter. Therefore in each recording session ⱖ8 trials were performed to each target in the timing-cue task and at least one trial was performed to each target in the memoryguided saccade task. ...
... session included 400 –1,000 correct trials depending on the isolation quality as monitored by the experimenter. Therefore in each recording session ⱖ8 trials were performed to each target in the timing-cue task and at least one trial was performed to each target in the memoryguided saccade task. ...
Word doc - Center for Neural Science
... changes in synaptic strength of previously subthreshold inputs by behavioral (or other) manipulations could underlie large scale reorganization of frequency representations in ACx (Kilgard and Merzenich 1998; Recanzone et al. 1993). The present study was designed to answer two questions central to t ...
... changes in synaptic strength of previously subthreshold inputs by behavioral (or other) manipulations could underlie large scale reorganization of frequency representations in ACx (Kilgard and Merzenich 1998; Recanzone et al. 1993). The present study was designed to answer two questions central to t ...
Contacts among non-sister dendritic branches at
... contacts is controlled by synaptic activity and is associated with clusters of synaptic connections of higher density and strength than elsewhere along the dendrites. Thus, dendrodendritic contact at bifurcations is an activity-derived neuronal behavior that shapes dendritic trees and links their br ...
... contacts is controlled by synaptic activity and is associated with clusters of synaptic connections of higher density and strength than elsewhere along the dendrites. Thus, dendrodendritic contact at bifurcations is an activity-derived neuronal behavior that shapes dendritic trees and links their br ...
Neural Machines for Music Recognition
... properties that models should satisfy, and states a number of hypothesis about the structure and processes in the brain, some of which are more or less supported by actual findings. Although experiments from the field of psychology that were performed several decades ago already suggested that patte ...
... properties that models should satisfy, and states a number of hypothesis about the structure and processes in the brain, some of which are more or less supported by actual findings. Although experiments from the field of psychology that were performed several decades ago already suggested that patte ...
Topographically Specific Hippocampal Projections Target Functionally Distinct Prefrontal Areas in the
... The sources of ipsilateral projections from the hippocampal formation, the presubiculum, area 29a-c, and parasubiculum to medial, orbital, and lateral prefrontal cortices were studied with retrograde tracers in 27 rhesus monkeys. labeled neurons within the hippocampal formation (CA1, CA1’, prosubicu ...
... The sources of ipsilateral projections from the hippocampal formation, the presubiculum, area 29a-c, and parasubiculum to medial, orbital, and lateral prefrontal cortices were studied with retrograde tracers in 27 rhesus monkeys. labeled neurons within the hippocampal formation (CA1, CA1’, prosubicu ...
University of Groningen Gustatory neural processing in the
... taste quality is transmitted via a separate 'neural line' through the medulla, thalamus and cortex. This model assumes that individual gustatory fibers are more or less narrowly tuned to one of the primary taste qualities and that the function of any one neuron would be to signal its particular enco ...
... taste quality is transmitted via a separate 'neural line' through the medulla, thalamus and cortex. This model assumes that individual gustatory fibers are more or less narrowly tuned to one of the primary taste qualities and that the function of any one neuron would be to signal its particular enco ...
Facial whisker pattern is not sufficient to instruct a
... into its three main divisions – the mandibular, maxillary and ophtalmic branches, which peripherally innervate the corresponding facial dermatomes (Arvidsson and Rice, 1991; Erzurumlu and Jhaveri, 1992; Erzurumlu and Killackey, 1983; Erzurumlu et al., 2010; Hodge et al., 2007). In mouse, the largest ...
... into its three main divisions – the mandibular, maxillary and ophtalmic branches, which peripherally innervate the corresponding facial dermatomes (Arvidsson and Rice, 1991; Erzurumlu and Jhaveri, 1992; Erzurumlu and Killackey, 1983; Erzurumlu et al., 2010; Hodge et al., 2007). In mouse, the largest ...
The encoding and decoding of com-
... by a star, is projected topographically onto a map of interconnected cortical neurons. When a neuron spikes, its action potential is distributed over a neighborhood of a given radius. The lateral transmission delay of these connections is 1 ms/unit. Because of these lateral intra-cortical interactio ...
... by a star, is projected topographically onto a map of interconnected cortical neurons. When a neuron spikes, its action potential is distributed over a neighborhood of a given radius. The lateral transmission delay of these connections is 1 ms/unit. Because of these lateral intra-cortical interactio ...
NEURAL ACTIVITY RELATED TO ANTICIPATED REWARD:
... fixation breaks occurring at each time during the trial (in 500 ms bins) and under each condition (short or long delay), as a fraction of all fixation breaks committed by the monkeys. Overall, cases in which a trial was aborted by breaking fixation, even during the first second, were rare. Out of a ...
... fixation breaks occurring at each time during the trial (in 500 ms bins) and under each condition (short or long delay), as a fraction of all fixation breaks committed by the monkeys. Overall, cases in which a trial was aborted by breaking fixation, even during the first second, were rare. Out of a ...
neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus
... electrophysiological recordings were made from single neurons in these regions to map the location of units that respond to electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Recordings also were made from neurons in dorsal parts of the GP (GPd) before the microelectrode was lowered to the GP, and the ...
... electrophysiological recordings were made from single neurons in these regions to map the location of units that respond to electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Recordings also were made from neurons in dorsal parts of the GP (GPd) before the microelectrode was lowered to the GP, and the ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Feb. 28, 2016; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/041673. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Feb. 28, 2016; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/041673. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.