Free recall and recognition in a network model of the... simulating effects of scopolamine on human memory function
... simulations of neurons, synaptic connections, and the effects of acetylcholine. Simulations focus on modeling the effects of the acetylcholine receptor blocker scopolamine on human memory. Systemic administration of scopolamine is modeled by blockade of the cellular effects of acetylcholine in the m ...
... simulations of neurons, synaptic connections, and the effects of acetylcholine. Simulations focus on modeling the effects of the acetylcholine receptor blocker scopolamine on human memory. Systemic administration of scopolamine is modeled by blockade of the cellular effects of acetylcholine in the m ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
Neuronal and microglial cathepsins in aging and age
... and Green, 1987; Nakamura et al., 1989). We have previously reported that subcellular fractionation showed that the amounts of cathepsins D and E in the soluble fraction of the aged rat brain were markedly increased as compared with those of the young rat brain, suggesting that these enzymes leaked ...
... and Green, 1987; Nakamura et al., 1989). We have previously reported that subcellular fractionation showed that the amounts of cathepsins D and E in the soluble fraction of the aged rat brain were markedly increased as compared with those of the young rat brain, suggesting that these enzymes leaked ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
SOM
... Unsupervised Learning • Neural networks for unsupervised learning attempt to discover special patterns from available data without using external help (i.e. RISK FUNCTION). – There is no information about the desired class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps ( ...
... Unsupervised Learning • Neural networks for unsupervised learning attempt to discover special patterns from available data without using external help (i.e. RISK FUNCTION). – There is no information about the desired class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps ( ...
descending projections from the trigeminal ganglion and
... their communication with gustatory and autonomic nerve fibers was already well known at the beginning of the twentieth century (19). Since then it has been studied through in a great detail (5, 44, 51, 69, 71, and the references therein). A survey of the literature reveals that each of these nerves ...
... their communication with gustatory and autonomic nerve fibers was already well known at the beginning of the twentieth century (19). Since then it has been studied through in a great detail (5, 44, 51, 69, 71, and the references therein). A survey of the literature reveals that each of these nerves ...
SLEEP
... EEG irregular, low voltage fast waves (beta and theta activity), heart rate and breathing variable, intermittent rapid movement of eyes, Higher frequency of dreaming than in NREM sleep (usually involves imagery) ...
... EEG irregular, low voltage fast waves (beta and theta activity), heart rate and breathing variable, intermittent rapid movement of eyes, Higher frequency of dreaming than in NREM sleep (usually involves imagery) ...
Volumetric Two-photon Imaging of Neurons Using
... single plane imaging is N frames/sec, and the number of planes imaged per volume in m, then the aggregate volume frame rate is reduced to N {m. Many calcium indicators have on-response kinetics below 0.1 s [12]. To capture this dynamics, volume frame rates must remain close to 10 Hz. With current re ...
... single plane imaging is N frames/sec, and the number of planes imaged per volume in m, then the aggregate volume frame rate is reduced to N {m. Many calcium indicators have on-response kinetics below 0.1 s [12]. To capture this dynamics, volume frame rates must remain close to 10 Hz. With current re ...
An unaware agenda: interictal consciousness
... awareness need to be complemented with electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies. The neural signatures of the levels of consciousness can be studied neurophysiologically from neurons to whole brain; and neural markers of conscious awareness by cognitive neuroscience. Notably, as we show below, ...
... awareness need to be complemented with electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies. The neural signatures of the levels of consciousness can be studied neurophysiologically from neurons to whole brain; and neural markers of conscious awareness by cognitive neuroscience. Notably, as we show below, ...
D27 - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... SCN neurons discharge rhythmically when removed from brain and cultured in vitro. SCN neurons contain clock that is made up of at least six proteins; PER proteins are produced and then phosphorylated by kinases (phosphorylated PERs inhibit production of PERs in regular circadian pattern). SCN ...
... SCN neurons discharge rhythmically when removed from brain and cultured in vitro. SCN neurons contain clock that is made up of at least six proteins; PER proteins are produced and then phosphorylated by kinases (phosphorylated PERs inhibit production of PERs in regular circadian pattern). SCN ...
Nerves and how they work File
... up if the neurotransmitter activates Na+ channels on the post synaptic membrane • An EPSP depolarises the post-synaptic membrane • Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) is set up if the neurotransmitter activates Cl- channels in the post-synaptic membrane • And IPSP hyperpolarises the post-synap ...
... up if the neurotransmitter activates Na+ channels on the post synaptic membrane • An EPSP depolarises the post-synaptic membrane • Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) is set up if the neurotransmitter activates Cl- channels in the post-synaptic membrane • And IPSP hyperpolarises the post-synap ...
Pearson SA, Mouihate A, Pittman QJ, Whelan PJ
... weight, 1.80 –3.60 gm; n ⫽ 81). The animals were anesthetized by hypothermia. Animals were decapitated rapidly and eviscerated; the remaining tissue was placed in a dissection chamber filled with oxygenated (95% O2/5% CO2) low-calcium, high-magnesium, artificial CSF [ACSF; concentration (in mM):128 ...
... weight, 1.80 –3.60 gm; n ⫽ 81). The animals were anesthetized by hypothermia. Animals were decapitated rapidly and eviscerated; the remaining tissue was placed in a dissection chamber filled with oxygenated (95% O2/5% CO2) low-calcium, high-magnesium, artificial CSF [ACSF; concentration (in mM):128 ...
Experience-dependent corticofugal adjustment
... Preparation. Experiments were performed with 26 adult big brown bats, E. fuscus, whose auditory system is basically the same as that of other mammalian species (13–15). Procedures for animal preparation, acoustic stimulation, and recording of action potentials have been previously described (11, 16) ...
... Preparation. Experiments were performed with 26 adult big brown bats, E. fuscus, whose auditory system is basically the same as that of other mammalian species (13–15). Procedures for animal preparation, acoustic stimulation, and recording of action potentials have been previously described (11, 16) ...
The neural mechanisms of perceptual filling-in
... Steady fixation and stabilized retinal image. Filling-in also occurs in the normal visual field where there is no deficit of visual inputs. In one example, stabilization of the border of a surface on the retina causes fillingin. For instance, when steady fixation is maintained, the contrast of an ob ...
... Steady fixation and stabilized retinal image. Filling-in also occurs in the normal visual field where there is no deficit of visual inputs. In one example, stabilization of the border of a surface on the retina causes fillingin. For instance, when steady fixation is maintained, the contrast of an ob ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... tegmental area, thus regulating the activity of serotonergic and dopamine neurons (Klemm, 2004; Lecourtier and Kelly, 2007). Recent findings of an optogenetic study indicate that MHb cholinergic neurons express glutamate as a cotransmitter and that the two transmitters are released by different mode ...
... tegmental area, thus regulating the activity of serotonergic and dopamine neurons (Klemm, 2004; Lecourtier and Kelly, 2007). Recent findings of an optogenetic study indicate that MHb cholinergic neurons express glutamate as a cotransmitter and that the two transmitters are released by different mode ...
Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate
... mPFC fibers was detected at several downstream regions including NAcc and BLA. Using whole cell recordings in NAcc, the authors found that optogenetic activation of mPFC ChR2-containing terminals in NAcc elicited inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in NAcc neurons. Blocking GABAA, but not gluta ...
... mPFC fibers was detected at several downstream regions including NAcc and BLA. Using whole cell recordings in NAcc, the authors found that optogenetic activation of mPFC ChR2-containing terminals in NAcc elicited inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in NAcc neurons. Blocking GABAA, but not gluta ...
The Spinal Interneurons and Properties of
... transferred to 10 M ␣-bungarotoxin saline. After immobilization, the tadpole was repinned so that skin and muscles over the right side of the spinal cord could be removed. A dorsal cut was then made along the midline of the spinal cord to open the neurocoel and expose neuronal cell bodies. Addition ...
... transferred to 10 M ␣-bungarotoxin saline. After immobilization, the tadpole was repinned so that skin and muscles over the right side of the spinal cord could be removed. A dorsal cut was then made along the midline of the spinal cord to open the neurocoel and expose neuronal cell bodies. Addition ...
Modeling multiple time scale firing rate adaptation in a neural
... Herz 2003), computational modeling of multiple time scale adaptation is nontrivial (Drew and Abbott 2006), and experimentally characterizing adaptation via single time scale exponential fitting is suboptimal (Fairhall et al. 2001a, Fairhall et al. 2001b, Lundstrom et al. 2008a). Previous rate models ...
... Herz 2003), computational modeling of multiple time scale adaptation is nontrivial (Drew and Abbott 2006), and experimentally characterizing adaptation via single time scale exponential fitting is suboptimal (Fairhall et al. 2001a, Fairhall et al. 2001b, Lundstrom et al. 2008a). Previous rate models ...
Timing in reward and decision processes
... accuracy [1,2], and this accuracy decays proportionally with delay [3–5]. The ability to estimate short time intervals plays an important role in everyday behaviour. Timing is essential for predicting and planning actions. A good example is the temporal accuracy required to hit a ball in a tennis ga ...
... accuracy [1,2], and this accuracy decays proportionally with delay [3–5]. The ability to estimate short time intervals plays an important role in everyday behaviour. Timing is essential for predicting and planning actions. A good example is the temporal accuracy required to hit a ball in a tennis ga ...
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review
... cool and warm cutaneous thermosensory signals that are transmitted to the POA by separate populations of LPB neurons are essential for eliciting rapid thermoregulatory responses to defend body temperature from a variety of thermal challenges. 3.2. Visceral and spinal thermal receptor afferents In ad ...
... cool and warm cutaneous thermosensory signals that are transmitted to the POA by separate populations of LPB neurons are essential for eliciting rapid thermoregulatory responses to defend body temperature from a variety of thermal challenges. 3.2. Visceral and spinal thermal receptor afferents In ad ...
The neural encoding of self-generated and externally applied
... neurons in the vestibular nuclei can be divided into three primary groups on the basis of their sensitivities to applied head motion and eye movements (Cullen and McCrea 1993; Cullen ...
... neurons in the vestibular nuclei can be divided into three primary groups on the basis of their sensitivities to applied head motion and eye movements (Cullen and McCrea 1993; Cullen ...
cortical input to the basal forebrain
... have been reinforced. It has been proposed68 that cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain receive information on the expected availability of reinforcement through afferent inputs from the orbitofrontal cortex. Through their widespread corticopetal projections the cholinergic neurons may then be ...
... have been reinforced. It has been proposed68 that cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain receive information on the expected availability of reinforcement through afferent inputs from the orbitofrontal cortex. Through their widespread corticopetal projections the cholinergic neurons may then be ...
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
... solution. We used the following electrophysiological criteria to identify TM neurons. They exhibit a regular, spontaneous firing rate (typically 2 – 6 Hz) and no burst firing at a resting membrane potential of approximately -50 mV, a broad action potential with a Ca2+ shoulder, and a long after-hype ...
... solution. We used the following electrophysiological criteria to identify TM neurons. They exhibit a regular, spontaneous firing rate (typically 2 – 6 Hz) and no burst firing at a resting membrane potential of approximately -50 mV, a broad action potential with a Ca2+ shoulder, and a long after-hype ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.