Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
... solution. We used the following electrophysiological criteria to identify TM neurons. They exhibit a regular, spontaneous firing rate (typically 2 – 6 Hz) and no burst firing at a resting membrane potential of approximately -50 mV, a broad action potential with a Ca2+ shoulder, and a long after-hype ...
... solution. We used the following electrophysiological criteria to identify TM neurons. They exhibit a regular, spontaneous firing rate (typically 2 – 6 Hz) and no burst firing at a resting membrane potential of approximately -50 mV, a broad action potential with a Ca2+ shoulder, and a long after-hype ...
Material and methods - HAL
... completely blocked by haloperidol, a D2/D3-receptor antagonist, but remained unchanged either after administration of nafadotride used at a dose inducing a selective blockade of the D3 receptor [2], or in the brain of mice lacking functional D3 receptors. D2-like receptor binding sites are detected ...
... completely blocked by haloperidol, a D2/D3-receptor antagonist, but remained unchanged either after administration of nafadotride used at a dose inducing a selective blockade of the D3 receptor [2], or in the brain of mice lacking functional D3 receptors. D2-like receptor binding sites are detected ...
Barrel cortex function - Brain Research Institute
... respond to this specific sensory input. The problem with this approach is that sub-cortical structures typically contain much more quantifiable stimulus information than the cerebral cortex. The conclusion from this has been that neocortical circuits either lose information, or at least represent it u ...
... respond to this specific sensory input. The problem with this approach is that sub-cortical structures typically contain much more quantifiable stimulus information than the cerebral cortex. The conclusion from this has been that neocortical circuits either lose information, or at least represent it u ...
Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... Figure 3. Night-dominant MUA rhythm in the cortex and state-dependence after 5-HT depletion. A, Frontal cortex MUAs also retain a strong diurnal rhythm after TSOI injection (arrowhead, left panel). Black/white bars, 12:12 h dark/light phase. B, Average of normalized MUA rhythms in the frontal cortex ...
... Figure 3. Night-dominant MUA rhythm in the cortex and state-dependence after 5-HT depletion. A, Frontal cortex MUAs also retain a strong diurnal rhythm after TSOI injection (arrowhead, left panel). Black/white bars, 12:12 h dark/light phase. B, Average of normalized MUA rhythms in the frontal cortex ...
Neuronal representation of visual motion and orientation in the fly
... a good candidate neuropil to extract these visual features from local input and to supply this information to more specialized downstream brain regions. The large lobula plate neurons, which integrate local motion inputs and thus respond in a directionselective way to motion in a large part of the v ...
... a good candidate neuropil to extract these visual features from local input and to supply this information to more specialized downstream brain regions. The large lobula plate neurons, which integrate local motion inputs and thus respond in a directionselective way to motion in a large part of the v ...
Pacemaker Potentials for the Periodic Burst Discharge in the Heart
... potentials are generated. Hyperpolarization impedes generation of the slow potential, showing that it is an electrically excitable response. Membrane impedance increases on depolarization. Brief hyperpolarizing current can abolish the plateau but brief tetanic inhibitory fiber stimulation is more ef ...
... potentials are generated. Hyperpolarization impedes generation of the slow potential, showing that it is an electrically excitable response. Membrane impedance increases on depolarization. Brief hyperpolarizing current can abolish the plateau but brief tetanic inhibitory fiber stimulation is more ef ...
Neurofilament and Calcium-Binding Proteins in the
... 1995a). In particular, gradients of in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons has been reported in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey, where the primary visual areas show much lower densities compared to visual association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al. ...
... 1995a). In particular, gradients of in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons has been reported in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey, where the primary visual areas show much lower densities compared to visual association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al. ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types and afferents. Identifying the precise action of nicotine on this microcircuit, in vivo, is important to understand reinfor ...
... Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types and afferents. Identifying the precise action of nicotine on this microcircuit, in vivo, is important to understand reinfor ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... (Walker and Davis, 1997), indicating that regulation of glutamatergic transmission in this region is an important target for anxiolytic and ...
... (Walker and Davis, 1997), indicating that regulation of glutamatergic transmission in this region is an important target for anxiolytic and ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... The ventral anterior (VA) nucleus of the thalamus is connected with prefrontal and premotor cortices and with the basal ganglia. Although classically associated with motor functions, recent evidence implicates the basal ganglia in cognition and emotion as well. Here, we used two complementary approa ...
... The ventral anterior (VA) nucleus of the thalamus is connected with prefrontal and premotor cortices and with the basal ganglia. Although classically associated with motor functions, recent evidence implicates the basal ganglia in cognition and emotion as well. Here, we used two complementary approa ...
3-Morpholinylsydnonimine Inhibits Glutamatergic Transmission in
... A and B). The suppression reached steady state within a few minutes, and EPSCs recovered after 10 to 15 min of washout. The inhibitory effect of SIN-1 on the evoked EPSC amplitude was mimicked by another NO donor, spermine NONOate. As shown in Fig. 1C, spermine NONOate (1 mM) reversibly reduced the ...
... A and B). The suppression reached steady state within a few minutes, and EPSCs recovered after 10 to 15 min of washout. The inhibitory effect of SIN-1 on the evoked EPSC amplitude was mimicked by another NO donor, spermine NONOate. As shown in Fig. 1C, spermine NONOate (1 mM) reversibly reduced the ...
Saccade Target Selection in Frontal Eye Field of Macaque. I. Visual
... a saccade to the stimulus that was different. For this investigation targets and distracters were distinguished by either color (red vs green) or form (high vs low spatial frequency squarewave, high contrast checkerboards). Within a set of trials the target and distracters remained the same (e.g., a ...
... a saccade to the stimulus that was different. For this investigation targets and distracters were distinguished by either color (red vs green) or form (high vs low spatial frequency squarewave, high contrast checkerboards). Within a set of trials the target and distracters remained the same (e.g., a ...
I dc
... • Sensitivity of an Attractor with respect to the Phase of the External Quasiperiodic Forcing Phase Sensitivity: Characterized by Differentiating V with respect to at a discrete time t=nP1 (P1=1/f1) ...
... • Sensitivity of an Attractor with respect to the Phase of the External Quasiperiodic Forcing Phase Sensitivity: Characterized by Differentiating V with respect to at a discrete time t=nP1 (P1=1/f1) ...
Saccadic Eye Movements Modulate Visual Responses in the Lateral
... to salient regions of the visual scene and allow examination of these areas with high acuity. However, eye movements also pose a significant challenge to the visual system; with every saccade, an image of the world moves abruptly over the retina, stimulating all of its ganglion cells in concert. If ...
... to salient regions of the visual scene and allow examination of these areas with high acuity. However, eye movements also pose a significant challenge to the visual system; with every saccade, an image of the world moves abruptly over the retina, stimulating all of its ganglion cells in concert. If ...
Dexamethasone Rapidly Increases GABA Release in the Dorsal
... dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed that DEX (1-10 µM) rapidly (i.e. within three minutes) increased the frequency of tetrodotoxin-resistant, miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) in 67% of DMV neurons recorded in acutely prepared slices. Glutamate-mediated mEPSCs ...
... dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed that DEX (1-10 µM) rapidly (i.e. within three minutes) increased the frequency of tetrodotoxin-resistant, miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) in 67% of DMV neurons recorded in acutely prepared slices. Glutamate-mediated mEPSCs ...
the evolution of body and brain, and of sensory
... Malagasy lemurs excepted) forage at night and depend on their keen sense of smell to locate nutrients, most monkeys forage during the day and rely greatly on vision to locate nutrients. (The owl monkey is an exception, but it needs moonlight to be active; Fernández-Duque et al., 2010). The neural pr ...
... Malagasy lemurs excepted) forage at night and depend on their keen sense of smell to locate nutrients, most monkeys forage during the day and rely greatly on vision to locate nutrients. (The owl monkey is an exception, but it needs moonlight to be active; Fernández-Duque et al., 2010). The neural pr ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... Neurons that utilize the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appear to play an important role in generating many of the receptive field properties that distinguish neurons in the striate cortex from those in the lateral geniculate nucleus. When the inhibitory effects of GABA are blocked by t ...
... Neurons that utilize the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appear to play an important role in generating many of the receptive field properties that distinguish neurons in the striate cortex from those in the lateral geniculate nucleus. When the inhibitory effects of GABA are blocked by t ...
Feedforward and feedback inhibition in neostriatal GABAergic spiny
... The basal ganglia comprise the largest subcortical system in the brain extending from the telencephalon through the midbrain. Among the many unique features of the basal ganglia is the fact that it is composed almost entirely ( 98.8%; see Tepper et al., 2007) of GABAergic neurons. The neostriatum, t ...
... The basal ganglia comprise the largest subcortical system in the brain extending from the telencephalon through the midbrain. Among the many unique features of the basal ganglia is the fact that it is composed almost entirely ( 98.8%; see Tepper et al., 2007) of GABAergic neurons. The neostriatum, t ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... type relies on broad structural features shared by more than one architectonic area, including the number and distinction of identifiable layers. In the prefrontal cortex we previously identified several types of cortices, ranging from agranular, which have only three identifiable layers, to eulamin ...
... type relies on broad structural features shared by more than one architectonic area, including the number and distinction of identifiable layers. In the prefrontal cortex we previously identified several types of cortices, ranging from agranular, which have only three identifiable layers, to eulamin ...
Comparative neuronal morphology of the
... Although there are many representative freehand and camera lucida drawings of cerebellar cortex neurons (Ramón y Cajal, 1909, 1911; Chan-Palay and Palay, 1970, 1972; Palay and ChanPalay, 1974; Braak and Braak, 1983; Bishop, 1993; Lainé and Axelrad, 1996), very few cerebellar neurons have been digita ...
... Although there are many representative freehand and camera lucida drawings of cerebellar cortex neurons (Ramón y Cajal, 1909, 1911; Chan-Palay and Palay, 1970, 1972; Palay and ChanPalay, 1974; Braak and Braak, 1983; Bishop, 1993; Lainé and Axelrad, 1996), very few cerebellar neurons have been digita ...
Stochastic neural network dynamics: synchronisation and control
... An overview of existing literature, methods and results that introduces the field of stochastic neuron-like network modelling is given in Chapters 2, 3 and 4. The impact of establishing a network by connecting individual units and the origins of “neuronal noise” are discussed in Chapter 3; the confi ...
... An overview of existing literature, methods and results that introduces the field of stochastic neuron-like network modelling is given in Chapters 2, 3 and 4. The impact of establishing a network by connecting individual units and the origins of “neuronal noise” are discussed in Chapter 3; the confi ...
Auditory Neurons in the Dorsal Cortex of the Inferior Colliculus
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials in the Piriform Cortex
... linear function is used for computing the summed firing rate of the inhibitory population. The constant A represents the afferent input to a population of neurons during a period of time. This constant represents both the summed firing rate across a population of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb i ...
... linear function is used for computing the summed firing rate of the inhibitory population. The constant A represents the afferent input to a population of neurons during a period of time. This constant represents both the summed firing rate across a population of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb i ...
PDF Document
... models for the control of neural circuits in the brain, but recently has shown promise in modulating activity in the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system (fig. S1) (2–55). Optogenetic methods involve expressing light-activated microbial opsin proteins in desired neural or nonneural cell populat ...
... models for the control of neural circuits in the brain, but recently has shown promise in modulating activity in the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system (fig. S1) (2–55). Optogenetic methods involve expressing light-activated microbial opsin proteins in desired neural or nonneural cell populat ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.