Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... excitatory neurons also act through pathways that leave the gray matter and travel in the white matter over short or long distances. The prefrontal cortex participates in an extensive network of such connections, and may exercise excitatory and inhibitory control by synapsing, respectively, with exc ...
... excitatory neurons also act through pathways that leave the gray matter and travel in the white matter over short or long distances. The prefrontal cortex participates in an extensive network of such connections, and may exercise excitatory and inhibitory control by synapsing, respectively, with exc ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... this idea, in vivo intracellular recordings from X-projecting neurons reveal that they have song-selective auditory responses (Lewicki, 1996). Furthermore, certain X-projecting neurons display BOSevoked hyperpolarizations (Lewicki, 1996), perhaps driven by HVc interneurons, that might refine these r ...
... this idea, in vivo intracellular recordings from X-projecting neurons reveal that they have song-selective auditory responses (Lewicki, 1996). Furthermore, certain X-projecting neurons display BOSevoked hyperpolarizations (Lewicki, 1996), perhaps driven by HVc interneurons, that might refine these r ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... Introduction When we encounter a taste, we appreciate both its chemosensory properties and its palatability—the degree to which the taste is pleasurable or aversive. Recent work suggests that the processing of this complex taste experience may involve coordination between multiple brain areas (Gross ...
... Introduction When we encounter a taste, we appreciate both its chemosensory properties and its palatability—the degree to which the taste is pleasurable or aversive. Recent work suggests that the processing of this complex taste experience may involve coordination between multiple brain areas (Gross ...
Neural constraints on learning
... Learning, whether motor, sensory or cognitive, requires networks of neurons to generate new activity patterns. As some behaviours are easier to learn than others1,2, we asked if some neural activity patterns are easier to generate than others. Here we investigate whether an existing network constrai ...
... Learning, whether motor, sensory or cognitive, requires networks of neurons to generate new activity patterns. As some behaviours are easier to learn than others1,2, we asked if some neural activity patterns are easier to generate than others. Here we investigate whether an existing network constrai ...
Neurodynamical modeling of arbitrary visuomotor tasks
... In Chapter 2, we present a neurophysiological model of visuomotor mappings which contains populations of neurons which are selective to the stimuli, the motor responses and the associations (published in the European Journal of Neuroscience (Loh & Deco 2005)). It is meant to cover the whole processi ...
... In Chapter 2, we present a neurophysiological model of visuomotor mappings which contains populations of neurons which are selective to the stimuli, the motor responses and the associations (published in the European Journal of Neuroscience (Loh & Deco 2005)). It is meant to cover the whole processi ...
Differential effects of 10-Hz and 40
... More recently, Gruber, Müller, Keil, and Elbert (1999) investigated the orienting of spatial attention and found that the distribution of gamma power following an attention-directing cue was maximal over parieto-occipital sites. The range of frequencies included within the gamma band is quite large, ...
... More recently, Gruber, Müller, Keil, and Elbert (1999) investigated the orienting of spatial attention and found that the distribution of gamma power following an attention-directing cue was maximal over parieto-occipital sites. The range of frequencies included within the gamma band is quite large, ...
Volatile Solvents as Drugs of Abuse: Focus on the Cortico
... become aware that solvents were euphorigenic and could possibly produce psychological dependency (Glaser and Massengale, 1962). It is now widely accepted that volatile solvents are a distinct class of abused drugs, and chronic solvent use can lead to a substance use disorder (abuse or dependence), a ...
... become aware that solvents were euphorigenic and could possibly produce psychological dependency (Glaser and Massengale, 1962). It is now widely accepted that volatile solvents are a distinct class of abused drugs, and chronic solvent use can lead to a substance use disorder (abuse or dependence), a ...
Mechanisms of excitability in the central and peripheral nervous
... function and in pathological conditions. For hippocampus the normal function includes changes in excitability linked to learning and memory. However, it also is intimately linked to pathological increases in excitability observed in epilepsy. In C–fibers, excitability controls sensitivity to respons ...
... function and in pathological conditions. For hippocampus the normal function includes changes in excitability linked to learning and memory. However, it also is intimately linked to pathological increases in excitability observed in epilepsy. In C–fibers, excitability controls sensitivity to respons ...
Transgenic mice overexpressing the full
... hindbrain structures such as the cerebellum and spinal cord (Fallon and Loughlin, 1982; Loughlin et al., 1982), the rostral-tocaudal distance of the LC was separately analyzed. Sections were systematically analyzed to include the 30, 50, and 70% levels of the LC, considering the rostral part (or 0%) ...
... hindbrain structures such as the cerebellum and spinal cord (Fallon and Loughlin, 1982; Loughlin et al., 1982), the rostral-tocaudal distance of the LC was separately analyzed. Sections were systematically analyzed to include the 30, 50, and 70% levels of the LC, considering the rostral part (or 0%) ...
Multimodal Integration in Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Provides an
... The vestibular system has an essential role in everyday life; it contributes not only to the generation of reflexes but also to spatial perception and motor control. Because the vestibular receptor organs are located in the inner ear, they sense the motion of the head in space. However, the earliest ...
... The vestibular system has an essential role in everyday life; it contributes not only to the generation of reflexes but also to spatial perception and motor control. Because the vestibular receptor organs are located in the inner ear, they sense the motion of the head in space. However, the earliest ...
PDF
... connectome model of the whole spinal cord. For the convenience of the reader we include here a brief review of this simple model. For modeling axon growth, the tadpole spinal cord is considered as a horizontal cylinder, opened along the top (i.e., the most dorsal position) with, on each side, a very ...
... connectome model of the whole spinal cord. For the convenience of the reader we include here a brief review of this simple model. For modeling axon growth, the tadpole spinal cord is considered as a horizontal cylinder, opened along the top (i.e., the most dorsal position) with, on each side, a very ...
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... neural networks do not abstract well and symbolic models had been better than prior neural networks in terms of abstraction. With regard to temporal information processing, Buonomano & Merzenich [9] proposed a randomly connected network that translates temporal information (i.e., sound) into its spa ...
... neural networks do not abstract well and symbolic models had been better than prior neural networks in terms of abstraction. With regard to temporal information processing, Buonomano & Merzenich [9] proposed a randomly connected network that translates temporal information (i.e., sound) into its spa ...
Spontaneous default mode network phase
... et al., 2006; for a review see Cannon and Baldwin, 2012; Knyazev, 2013). Within the DMN, the precuneus and posterior cingulate have been implicated in many psychological processes but appear to play key roles in episodic memory encoding and retrieval (Cavanna and Trimble, 2006; Huijbers et al., 2012 ...
... et al., 2006; for a review see Cannon and Baldwin, 2012; Knyazev, 2013). Within the DMN, the precuneus and posterior cingulate have been implicated in many psychological processes but appear to play key roles in episodic memory encoding and retrieval (Cavanna and Trimble, 2006; Huijbers et al., 2012 ...
Controlling gene expression with the Q repressible binary
... Application of Q system in various tissues We expressed QF in body-wall muscles of QUAS
... Application of Q system in various tissues We expressed QF in body-wall muscles of QUAS
The Study of Brain Activity in Sleep
... currents that produce a rebound burst of action potentials. These bursts percolate within local thalamoreticular circuits and produce oscillatory firing at around 12–15 Hz. Thalamic spindle sequences reach back to the cortex and are globally synchronized by corticothalamic circuits, where they appea ...
... currents that produce a rebound burst of action potentials. These bursts percolate within local thalamoreticular circuits and produce oscillatory firing at around 12–15 Hz. Thalamic spindle sequences reach back to the cortex and are globally synchronized by corticothalamic circuits, where they appea ...
Multiple hypothalamic circuits sense and regulate glucose levels
... to involve glucose-sensing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), since it was reduced by blockade of VMH glucokinase, a critical molecular component of some glucosesensing neurons (31). Although brain glucose levels are generally lower than those in the blood, it is commonly assumed that g ...
... to involve glucose-sensing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), since it was reduced by blockade of VMH glucokinase, a critical molecular component of some glucosesensing neurons (31). Although brain glucose levels are generally lower than those in the blood, it is commonly assumed that g ...
Conscious Modulation in Normal Sleep
... of active and inactive zones of brain cortex, when in slow wave sleep. These on and off, as a way of functioning suggest that consciousness depends not much on firing rates, synchronization at specific frequency bands, or even sensorial inputs per se. It depends more on the brain’s ability to integr ...
... of active and inactive zones of brain cortex, when in slow wave sleep. These on and off, as a way of functioning suggest that consciousness depends not much on firing rates, synchronization at specific frequency bands, or even sensorial inputs per se. It depends more on the brain’s ability to integr ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neuropeptide mainly synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary when physiological demands are increased. The major function of circulating AVP is to promote water retention and vasoconstrictio ...
... Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neuropeptide mainly synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary when physiological demands are increased. The major function of circulating AVP is to promote water retention and vasoconstrictio ...
Research in Mammalian Mastication1
... sents the repository of distinct oral movement patterns (gnawing, unilateral chewing on right, unilateral chewing on left, suckling, etc.). It can be considered a hypothetical neural network that sets up a mechanical template for various oral movement patterns. The level B interneurons act as the pa ...
... sents the repository of distinct oral movement patterns (gnawing, unilateral chewing on right, unilateral chewing on left, suckling, etc.). It can be considered a hypothetical neural network that sets up a mechanical template for various oral movement patterns. The level B interneurons act as the pa ...
In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Techniques to Study Neuronal Migration
... which originate from the ventral brain, in the VZ and SVZ of the medial (MGE), lateral (LGE) and caudal (CGE) ganglionic eminences [3,10,18]. In addition, recent work has shown that roughly 10% of cortical interneurons originate from the Preoptic area (POA) and migrate long distances to reach the co ...
... which originate from the ventral brain, in the VZ and SVZ of the medial (MGE), lateral (LGE) and caudal (CGE) ganglionic eminences [3,10,18]. In addition, recent work has shown that roughly 10% of cortical interneurons originate from the Preoptic area (POA) and migrate long distances to reach the co ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System
... • The PET scan reveals on a series of images of horizontal sections where radio-activity has accumulated, and thus it indicates what areas were particularly active during the test Pinel's Biopsychology, 5th Ed. ...
... • The PET scan reveals on a series of images of horizontal sections where radio-activity has accumulated, and thus it indicates what areas were particularly active during the test Pinel's Biopsychology, 5th Ed. ...
Mirror neurons responding to the observation of ingestive and
... monkey 4) submitted to the same training procedure and experimental conditions as the monkeys used for neuronal recording. Four ingestive and four communicative mouth actions were presented. The ingestive actions were grasping, breaking, sucking and reaching with the tongue; the communicative gestur ...
... monkey 4) submitted to the same training procedure and experimental conditions as the monkeys used for neuronal recording. Four ingestive and four communicative mouth actions were presented. The ingestive actions were grasping, breaking, sucking and reaching with the tongue; the communicative gestur ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occur because IT depolarizes the cell, generating several INa act ...
... tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occur because IT depolarizes the cell, generating several INa act ...
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials
... electrodes. Moreover, the decoding of attention using ␥ frequency LFPs was less accurate than using spikes, but it was twice more stable across time. Finally, decorrelating the LFP signals from the different electrodes increased decoding performance in the high frequencies by up to ⬃14%. Our finding ...
... electrodes. Moreover, the decoding of attention using ␥ frequency LFPs was less accurate than using spikes, but it was twice more stable across time. Finally, decorrelating the LFP signals from the different electrodes increased decoding performance in the high frequencies by up to ⬃14%. Our finding ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.