Kalirin, a Multifunctional Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
... pCMS-GFP-Kal-GEF1. The Kal-GEF1 vector used previously (May et al., 2002) was cut with NcoI, blunted with Klenow, cut with NotI, and inserted into pCMS cut with EcoRI, blunted, and cut with NotI. This yields a His6-myc-Kal-GEF1 construct under the control of the CMV promoter (May et al., 2002). pCMS ...
... pCMS-GFP-Kal-GEF1. The Kal-GEF1 vector used previously (May et al., 2002) was cut with NcoI, blunted with Klenow, cut with NotI, and inserted into pCMS cut with EcoRI, blunted, and cut with NotI. This yields a His6-myc-Kal-GEF1 construct under the control of the CMV promoter (May et al., 2002). pCMS ...
Neural Basis of Brain Dysfunction Produced by Early Sleep Problems
... and resistance to sleep at three and four years of age predicted anxiety, conduct problems, and hyperactivity at seven years of age [23]. A recent nationwide longitudinal survey in Japan revealed that poor sleep schedules in toddlers predicted behavioral problems at primary-school age [24]. Compared ...
... and resistance to sleep at three and four years of age predicted anxiety, conduct problems, and hyperactivity at seven years of age [23]. A recent nationwide longitudinal survey in Japan revealed that poor sleep schedules in toddlers predicted behavioral problems at primary-school age [24]. Compared ...
Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self
... behavior several steps in advance. (B) Example behavioral data. Bars show trial-by-trial choice record (gray: save, blue: spend). Sequence progress corresponds to the cumulative trial record within each sequence. Colored boxes delineate saving sequences; numbers indicate the sequence length. (C) Inc ...
... behavior several steps in advance. (B) Example behavioral data. Bars show trial-by-trial choice record (gray: save, blue: spend). Sequence progress corresponds to the cumulative trial record within each sequence. Colored boxes delineate saving sequences; numbers indicate the sequence length. (C) Inc ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
Genetic dissection of neural circuits underlying sexually dimorphic
... Sexually reproducing animals exhibit sex-typical displays of social behaviours, such as mating and aggression. Such sexual dimorphisms in behaviour can be qualitative or quantitative in nature, and they arise from sexually differentiated neural circuits, which in turn are shaped by the varying hormo ...
... Sexually reproducing animals exhibit sex-typical displays of social behaviours, such as mating and aggression. Such sexual dimorphisms in behaviour can be qualitative or quantitative in nature, and they arise from sexually differentiated neural circuits, which in turn are shaped by the varying hormo ...
How Do Neurons Convey Information?
... Another line of evidence that the flow of information in the brain is partly electrical in nature came from the results of recording experiments with the use of a voltmeter, a device that measures the flow of electricity. A voltmeter, which is illustrated in Figure 4-2B, has one wire connected to a ...
... Another line of evidence that the flow of information in the brain is partly electrical in nature came from the results of recording experiments with the use of a voltmeter, a device that measures the flow of electricity. A voltmeter, which is illustrated in Figure 4-2B, has one wire connected to a ...
Full-Text PDF
... brain stimulation (DBS), optogenetics, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), intracellular electrical stimulation, and extracellular electrical stimulation. Some activation modalities are inherently selective, such as optogenetics or intracellular activation, but these techniques are largely limi ...
... brain stimulation (DBS), optogenetics, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), intracellular electrical stimulation, and extracellular electrical stimulation. Some activation modalities are inherently selective, such as optogenetics or intracellular activation, but these techniques are largely limi ...
Amygdala-Prefrontal Synchronization Underlies Resistance to
... two-way ANOVA). In both the amygdala and the dACC, responsive cells were homogeneously distributed within our recording borders (Figure S2C, p > 0.2 for all, bootstrap analysis), suggesting that they represent an activity pattern common in wide parts of these two structures. In addition, there was n ...
... two-way ANOVA). In both the amygdala and the dACC, responsive cells were homogeneously distributed within our recording borders (Figure S2C, p > 0.2 for all, bootstrap analysis), suggesting that they represent an activity pattern common in wide parts of these two structures. In addition, there was n ...
Modulation of Sympathetic and Somatomotor Function by the
... the incidence of sighs was compared before and after drug or saline microinjection. Animals without sighs (n ⫽ 4) and animals whose sighs occurred outside the time scope of our analysis (n ⫽ 6; within 30 min of injection) were omitted from analysis. All EMG signals were full-wave rectified. A 30-s i ...
... the incidence of sighs was compared before and after drug or saline microinjection. Animals without sighs (n ⫽ 4) and animals whose sighs occurred outside the time scope of our analysis (n ⫽ 6; within 30 min of injection) were omitted from analysis. All EMG signals were full-wave rectified. A 30-s i ...
Introduction - Bowling Green State University
... strengthens the association between cortical-like areas descending signals and basal ganglia neural ensembles, influencing long-term memory processes in line with a reward function (Wise 2004). Although the signal-to-noise ratio hypothesis is useful in understanding how behavioral and motivational ...
... strengthens the association between cortical-like areas descending signals and basal ganglia neural ensembles, influencing long-term memory processes in line with a reward function (Wise 2004). Although the signal-to-noise ratio hypothesis is useful in understanding how behavioral and motivational ...
striatum
... Akinesia – impairment in the iniciation of movement Bradykinesia – reduction in velocity and amplitude Parkinson disease (tremor at rest, flexed posture, paucity of limb and facial movements) Decrease in production of Dopamine Loss of dopaminergic neurons within ...
... Akinesia – impairment in the iniciation of movement Bradykinesia – reduction in velocity and amplitude Parkinson disease (tremor at rest, flexed posture, paucity of limb and facial movements) Decrease in production of Dopamine Loss of dopaminergic neurons within ...
Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms
... periods characterized by rapid eye movements during sleep. • Also know as paradoxical sleep is deep sleep in some ways, but light sleep in other ways. • EEG waves are irregular, low-voltage and fast. • Postural muscles of the body are more relaxed than other stages. ...
... periods characterized by rapid eye movements during sleep. • Also know as paradoxical sleep is deep sleep in some ways, but light sleep in other ways. • EEG waves are irregular, low-voltage and fast. • Postural muscles of the body are more relaxed than other stages. ...
Chapter 2
... microscopic level nor have the local axons from IC GABAergic neurons (see Section 4.2). Although the inputs to ICC have been identified at the electron microscopic level, their synaptic role in processing auditory information remains an area of intense interest. For example, it is unclear whether th ...
... microscopic level nor have the local axons from IC GABAergic neurons (see Section 4.2). Although the inputs to ICC have been identified at the electron microscopic level, their synaptic role in processing auditory information remains an area of intense interest. For example, it is unclear whether th ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... cats (38), and dogs (51). Therefore, to rapidly initiate thermoregulatory responses before environmental thermal challenges affect body core temperature, feedforward thermal afferent information from skin thermoreceptors needs to be delivered to thermoregulatory command neurons that are located in t ...
... cats (38), and dogs (51). Therefore, to rapidly initiate thermoregulatory responses before environmental thermal challenges affect body core temperature, feedforward thermal afferent information from skin thermoreceptors needs to be delivered to thermoregulatory command neurons that are located in t ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... cats (38), and dogs (51). Therefore, to rapidly initiate thermoregulatory responses before environmental thermal challenges affect body core temperature, feedforward thermal afferent information from skin thermoreceptors needs to be delivered to thermoregulatory command neurons that are located in t ...
... cats (38), and dogs (51). Therefore, to rapidly initiate thermoregulatory responses before environmental thermal challenges affect body core temperature, feedforward thermal afferent information from skin thermoreceptors needs to be delivered to thermoregulatory command neurons that are located in t ...
A neurocomputational model of the mammalian fear
... their functions [37]. It is a particularly interesting case study because of how well linked it is to learning and memory; fearful experiences have a strong effect on an animal’s future behaviour [37]. This link provides a potential avenue of investigation into how low-level reward and punishment sys ...
... their functions [37]. It is a particularly interesting case study because of how well linked it is to learning and memory; fearful experiences have a strong effect on an animal’s future behaviour [37]. This link provides a potential avenue of investigation into how low-level reward and punishment sys ...
Article 5 - Graduate Program in Neuroscience | UBC
... choice trials in the spatial delay task before or after recording from each neuron. In these trials two different instructions for two rewards appeared simultaneously at randomly alternating left and right target positions, allowing the animal to touch the lever of its choice following the trigger s ...
... choice trials in the spatial delay task before or after recording from each neuron. In these trials two different instructions for two rewards appeared simultaneously at randomly alternating left and right target positions, allowing the animal to touch the lever of its choice following the trigger s ...
Interactions between Adjacent Ganglia Bring About the Bilaterally
... neuronal competition, in that only 1 of the 2 cellswill take on the mature AS phenotype (the primary developmental fate; see Kimble, 1981), while the other homologue, if allowed to develop, is diverted into some other, secondary developmental fate. It is not known whether the nonimmunoreactive homol ...
... neuronal competition, in that only 1 of the 2 cellswill take on the mature AS phenotype (the primary developmental fate; see Kimble, 1981), while the other homologue, if allowed to develop, is diverted into some other, secondary developmental fate. It is not known whether the nonimmunoreactive homol ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
REVIEW
... evidence that both of these systems may play important roles in reproductive processes in a number of species, including humans.5±7 The potential role of a human vomeronasal organ (if present) in the detection of and responses to pheromones as well as the utilization of the olfactory system in phero ...
... evidence that both of these systems may play important roles in reproductive processes in a number of species, including humans.5±7 The potential role of a human vomeronasal organ (if present) in the detection of and responses to pheromones as well as the utilization of the olfactory system in phero ...
NK1 receptor-expressing spinoparabrachial neurons trigger diffuse
... 1. Introduction Pain is a complex experience that involves sensory-discriminative, cognitive-evaluative, and affective-emotional components. Conversely, central nervous system networks may modulate the transmission of nociceptive messages according to the nature of the painful stimulus and behaviora ...
... 1. Introduction Pain is a complex experience that involves sensory-discriminative, cognitive-evaluative, and affective-emotional components. Conversely, central nervous system networks may modulate the transmission of nociceptive messages according to the nature of the painful stimulus and behaviora ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... Following light stimulation of cholinergic axons from either the PPN or LDT we observed both excitatory and inhibitory responses in both DA and non-DA neurons, although the proportions varied slightly. No responses were observed when cholinergic neurons were transduced only with the fluorescent repo ...
... Following light stimulation of cholinergic axons from either the PPN or LDT we observed both excitatory and inhibitory responses in both DA and non-DA neurons, although the proportions varied slightly. No responses were observed when cholinergic neurons were transduced only with the fluorescent repo ...
Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana
... contrast, the morphological classes for aspiny interneurons are more uniform across eutherian mammals (Hof et al. 1996, 1999; DeFelipe et al. 2002; Hassiotis and Ashwell 2003; Hof and Sherwood 2005). Thus, we expect aspiny interneurons in elephants to resemble more closely the types that are common ...
... contrast, the morphological classes for aspiny interneurons are more uniform across eutherian mammals (Hof et al. 1996, 1999; DeFelipe et al. 2002; Hassiotis and Ashwell 2003; Hof and Sherwood 2005). Thus, we expect aspiny interneurons in elephants to resemble more closely the types that are common ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.