Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana
... contrast, the morphological classes for aspiny interneurons are more uniform across eutherian mammals (Hof et al. 1996, 1999; DeFelipe et al. 2002; Hassiotis and Ashwell 2003; Hof and Sherwood 2005). Thus, we expect aspiny interneurons in elephants to resemble more closely the types that are common ...
... contrast, the morphological classes for aspiny interneurons are more uniform across eutherian mammals (Hof et al. 1996, 1999; DeFelipe et al. 2002; Hassiotis and Ashwell 2003; Hof and Sherwood 2005). Thus, we expect aspiny interneurons in elephants to resemble more closely the types that are common ...
SLEEP AND EEG
... Fibers descending from cortex especially motor cortex can activate RAS. Centers that govern sleep are within the brain-stem, but recent evidence suggest that the center for slow sleep (NREM) lie in the hypothalamus. ...
... Fibers descending from cortex especially motor cortex can activate RAS. Centers that govern sleep are within the brain-stem, but recent evidence suggest that the center for slow sleep (NREM) lie in the hypothalamus. ...
SLEEP AND EEG
... Fibers descending from cortex especially motor cortex can activate RAS. Centers that govern sleep are within the brain-stem, but recent evidence suggest that the center for slow sleep (NREM) lie in the hypothalamus. ...
... Fibers descending from cortex especially motor cortex can activate RAS. Centers that govern sleep are within the brain-stem, but recent evidence suggest that the center for slow sleep (NREM) lie in the hypothalamus. ...
Goal-Directed Navigation based on Path Integration and Decoding
... do not appear to encode any metric information, such as distances and angles (Spiers and Barry, 2015). The place cell representation by itself is thus not sufficient to be able to navigate between arbitrary locations, because it does not offer any means to calculate the direction of travel from one ...
... do not appear to encode any metric information, such as distances and angles (Spiers and Barry, 2015). The place cell representation by itself is thus not sufficient to be able to navigate between arbitrary locations, because it does not offer any means to calculate the direction of travel from one ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... with modular computations. Anatomical evidence suggests the existence of canonical microcircuits that are replicated across brain areas, for example, across regions of the cerebral cortex 1,2. Physiological and behavioural evidence suggests that canonical neural computations exist — standard computa ...
... with modular computations. Anatomical evidence suggests the existence of canonical microcircuits that are replicated across brain areas, for example, across regions of the cerebral cortex 1,2. Physiological and behavioural evidence suggests that canonical neural computations exist — standard computa ...
The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Rapid Processing of Monetary
... modeling to identify which cortical region was most likely to generate the pattern of loss-related electrical activity observed at the scalp. The results of the modeling were consistent with a source in the medial frontal cortex, in or near the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (Fig. 2) (9, 12). For c ...
... modeling to identify which cortical region was most likely to generate the pattern of loss-related electrical activity observed at the scalp. The results of the modeling were consistent with a source in the medial frontal cortex, in or near the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (Fig. 2) (9, 12). For c ...
18
... scientists and engineers, the underlying computational mechanisms of the stereo vision in the human brain is still largely unknown. This thesis is an attempt towards creating a developmental model of the stereo vision in the visual cortex. By developmental we mean that the features of each neuron ar ...
... scientists and engineers, the underlying computational mechanisms of the stereo vision in the human brain is still largely unknown. This thesis is an attempt towards creating a developmental model of the stereo vision in the visual cortex. By developmental we mean that the features of each neuron ar ...
Activity Regulates the Incidence of Heteronymous Sensory
... number and density of such ‘‘heteronymous’’ connections, whereas other aspects of sensory-motor connectivity are preserved. Spike-timing-dependent synaptic refinement represents one possible mechanism for the changes in connectivity observed after activity blockade. Our findings therefore reveal tha ...
... number and density of such ‘‘heteronymous’’ connections, whereas other aspects of sensory-motor connectivity are preserved. Spike-timing-dependent synaptic refinement represents one possible mechanism for the changes in connectivity observed after activity blockade. Our findings therefore reveal tha ...
embryonic development of the leech nervous system
... developed for 2 days at 27°C after reaching stage 9 is at stage 9(2/4). More than 100 embryos between stages 9(0/4) and 11(4/20) were utilized to reconstruct the embryonic development of H. ghilianii. Our description of the morphological and physiological development of the pressure sensory neurons, ...
... developed for 2 days at 27°C after reaching stage 9 is at stage 9(2/4). More than 100 embryos between stages 9(0/4) and 11(4/20) were utilized to reconstruct the embryonic development of H. ghilianii. Our description of the morphological and physiological development of the pressure sensory neurons, ...
Title
... account for this attribution of Mr. Crane’s and Mr. Tees’s mental states? According to ST, we put ourselves in Mr. Crane’s and Mr. Tees’s shoes, so to speak, and imagine how upset we would be in each of their situations. According to TT, we deploy a theory, with some folk-psychological laws about wh ...
... account for this attribution of Mr. Crane’s and Mr. Tees’s mental states? According to ST, we put ourselves in Mr. Crane’s and Mr. Tees’s shoes, so to speak, and imagine how upset we would be in each of their situations. According to TT, we deploy a theory, with some folk-psychological laws about wh ...
Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies
... 2. anxiolytic drugs impair the control of theta activity (rhythmical burst firing of cells in the SHS at 5–12 Hz in the free moving rat), the occurrence of which depends on a pacemaker input from the medial septal area. The theory then attributes the behavioural, including clinical, effects of anxio ...
... 2. anxiolytic drugs impair the control of theta activity (rhythmical burst firing of cells in the SHS at 5–12 Hz in the free moving rat), the occurrence of which depends on a pacemaker input from the medial septal area. The theory then attributes the behavioural, including clinical, effects of anxio ...
Critical Time Window of Neuronal Cholesterol Synthesis during
... Conditional SQS/CaMKII-cre mutants were born at the expected mendelian ratio, were viable and fertile, and had a normal life span. Mutants could not be distinguished from littermate controls by physical examination and lacked neurological defects such as clasping, tremor, or convulsions. Nevertheles ...
... Conditional SQS/CaMKII-cre mutants were born at the expected mendelian ratio, were viable and fertile, and had a normal life span. Mutants could not be distinguished from littermate controls by physical examination and lacked neurological defects such as clasping, tremor, or convulsions. Nevertheles ...
Neural Transcription Factors: from Embryos to Neural Stem Cells
... function in stem cell cultures. But, SIP1 plays a key role in the decision between neural ectoderm and mesendoderm in human ESCs and in mouse epiblast stem cells (Chng et al., 2010). Thus, the evidence so far suggests that the induction of the NE precursor state in ESC and iPSC cultures relies upon ...
... function in stem cell cultures. But, SIP1 plays a key role in the decision between neural ectoderm and mesendoderm in human ESCs and in mouse epiblast stem cells (Chng et al., 2010). Thus, the evidence so far suggests that the induction of the NE precursor state in ESC and iPSC cultures relies upon ...
Brain asymmetry is encoded at the level of axon terminal morphology
... medially, crossing the ventral midline and finally terminating close to it. From here on we focus solely upon the majority population of habenular neurons with axons that terminate in the IPN. Both L and R habenular nuclei have a central domain of dense neuropil surrounded by an ovoid shell of proje ...
... medially, crossing the ventral midline and finally terminating close to it. From here on we focus solely upon the majority population of habenular neurons with axons that terminate in the IPN. Both L and R habenular nuclei have a central domain of dense neuropil surrounded by an ovoid shell of proje ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
Neural mechanisms underlying the evolvability of behaviour
... are phylogenetically constrained; nevertheless particular species-specific behaviours have repeatedly evolved, suggesting a predisposition towards those behaviours. Independently evolved behaviours in animals that share a common neural architecture are generally produced by homologous neural structu ...
... are phylogenetically constrained; nevertheless particular species-specific behaviours have repeatedly evolved, suggesting a predisposition towards those behaviours. Independently evolved behaviours in animals that share a common neural architecture are generally produced by homologous neural structu ...
Presence of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 in
... TRH and CRH systems, do not appear to synthesize VGLUT2 mRNA and protein; instead, we found that their neurosecretory terminals contain immunoreactivity for the GABAergic marker, VGAT. In contrast with GHRH neurons, nearly all of the cell bodies of hypophysiotropic SS neurons in the PVa and in the m ...
... TRH and CRH systems, do not appear to synthesize VGLUT2 mRNA and protein; instead, we found that their neurosecretory terminals contain immunoreactivity for the GABAergic marker, VGAT. In contrast with GHRH neurons, nearly all of the cell bodies of hypophysiotropic SS neurons in the PVa and in the m ...
THE PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS: Towards a Functional
... nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which also co-express choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthetic enzyme selectively enriched in cholinergic neurons. By tracing the projections from the PPN and labelling the cholinergic cells, Semba and colleagues (1990) observed that some o ...
... nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which also co-express choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthetic enzyme selectively enriched in cholinergic neurons. By tracing the projections from the PPN and labelling the cholinergic cells, Semba and colleagues (1990) observed that some o ...
MIrror neuRons based RObot Recognition - LIRA-Lab
... primates’ premotor cortex. These neurons behave as a “motor resonant system”, activated both during execution of goal directed actions and during the observation of similar actions performed by others. One hypothesis is that this unified representation serves the acquisition of goal directed actions ...
... primates’ premotor cortex. These neurons behave as a “motor resonant system”, activated both during execution of goal directed actions and during the observation of similar actions performed by others. One hypothesis is that this unified representation serves the acquisition of goal directed actions ...
FREE Sample Here
... b) continuous conduction of graded potentials. c) changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers. d) propagation action potential in both directions. e) modifying the length of the refractory period. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical ...
... b) continuous conduction of graded potentials. c) changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers. d) propagation action potential in both directions. e) modifying the length of the refractory period. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical ...
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal
... eLife digest Most behaviors occur only under specific circumstances: we eat when we are hungry, for example. But how does the nervous system decide when to start or stop a particular behavior? Molecules called neuropeptides are thought to play a key role in these decisions. Neuropeptides are produce ...
... eLife digest Most behaviors occur only under specific circumstances: we eat when we are hungry, for example. But how does the nervous system decide when to start or stop a particular behavior? Molecules called neuropeptides are thought to play a key role in these decisions. Neuropeptides are produce ...
Neural Encoding I: Firing Rates and Spike Statistics
... Characterizing the relationship between stimulus and response is difficult because neuronal responses are complex and variable. Neurons typically respond by producing complex spike sequences that reflect both the intrinsic dynamics of the neuron and the temporal characteristics of the stimulus. Isol ...
... Characterizing the relationship between stimulus and response is difficult because neuronal responses are complex and variable. Neurons typically respond by producing complex spike sequences that reflect both the intrinsic dynamics of the neuron and the temporal characteristics of the stimulus. Isol ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.