Diversity of reporter expression patterns in transgenic mouse lines
... hypothalamus and median eminence of transgenic Validation of the anti-CRH serum and expression mice pattern of the peptide in adult mouse Because of the crucial role of hypothalamic CRH in We employed here the antihuman/rat CRH serum initiating the neuroendocrine response to stress, we fo(rC68) crea ...
... hypothalamus and median eminence of transgenic Validation of the anti-CRH serum and expression mice pattern of the peptide in adult mouse Because of the crucial role of hypothalamic CRH in We employed here the antihuman/rat CRH serum initiating the neuroendocrine response to stress, we fo(rC68) crea ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... neurons at hyperpolarized states. J Neurophysiol 86: 1816 –1825, 2001. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) directly innervates the output structures of the basal ganglia, playing a key role in basal ganglia function. It is therefore important to understand the regulatory mechanisms for the activity of STN ...
... neurons at hyperpolarized states. J Neurophysiol 86: 1816 –1825, 2001. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) directly innervates the output structures of the basal ganglia, playing a key role in basal ganglia function. It is therefore important to understand the regulatory mechanisms for the activity of STN ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... The value of a reward expected from a successful behavior is important for the purposeful organization of goal-directed behavior (Dickinson and Balleine, 1994; Balleine and Dickinson, 1998). High reward values provide incentives for initiating behavior (Matsumoto and Tanaka, 2004), bias decision mak ...
... The value of a reward expected from a successful behavior is important for the purposeful organization of goal-directed behavior (Dickinson and Balleine, 1994; Balleine and Dickinson, 1998). High reward values provide incentives for initiating behavior (Matsumoto and Tanaka, 2004), bias decision mak ...
Cartesian spatial coordinates Computing reaching dynamics in
... are considerably more concise than for joint-based reference frames and have physically intuitive interpretations (Hinton 1984). The dynamics of linked rigid bodies using spatial vectors, known as the Newton-Euler method (reviewed in APPENDIX A), has been well studied, especially in robotics, but it ...
... are considerably more concise than for joint-based reference frames and have physically intuitive interpretations (Hinton 1984). The dynamics of linked rigid bodies using spatial vectors, known as the Newton-Euler method (reviewed in APPENDIX A), has been well studied, especially in robotics, but it ...
Choice Coding in Frontal Cortex during Stimulus
... two tasks: an AO and an SO task (Fig. 1A). In both tasks, each trial consisted of two distinct phases: a sampling phase and a choice phase. During the sampling phase, the subject experienced two events that were each predictive of a specific outcome. In the SO task, the subject was presented with tw ...
... two tasks: an AO and an SO task (Fig. 1A). In both tasks, each trial consisted of two distinct phases: a sampling phase and a choice phase. During the sampling phase, the subject experienced two events that were each predictive of a specific outcome. In the SO task, the subject was presented with tw ...
In LHRH neurons
... There are about 2000 neurons in hypothalamus that contain LHRH. Early studies have suggested that the pulse generator is physically located in the medialbasal hypothalamus. ...
... There are about 2000 neurons in hypothalamus that contain LHRH. Early studies have suggested that the pulse generator is physically located in the medialbasal hypothalamus. ...
Text - ETH E
... This article focuses on recent modeling studies of dopamine neuron activity and their influence on behavior. Activity of midbrain dopamine neurons is phasically increased by stimuli that increase the animal’s reward expectation and is decreased below baseline levels when the reward fails to occur. T ...
... This article focuses on recent modeling studies of dopamine neuron activity and their influence on behavior. Activity of midbrain dopamine neurons is phasically increased by stimuli that increase the animal’s reward expectation and is decreased below baseline levels when the reward fails to occur. T ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
... medullary, pontine, diencephalic, and telencephalic brain regions that underlie these diverse processes. Direct projections from the cortex, limbic forebrain, and hypothalamus to the region of the A2 cell group provide a route through which emotional and cognitive events can modulate visceral respon ...
... medullary, pontine, diencephalic, and telencephalic brain regions that underlie these diverse processes. Direct projections from the cortex, limbic forebrain, and hypothalamus to the region of the A2 cell group provide a route through which emotional and cognitive events can modulate visceral respon ...
FROM MOTIVATION TO ACTION - The University of Texas at Dallas
... 1910; Shik and Orlovsky, 1976; Dubner et al., 1978). Higher CNS structures including the basal ganglia, the cerebellum and the motor cortex represent a higher level of integration in the hierarchy (Fig. 3). These structures exert control over the brain stem and spinal cord and their contribution to ...
... 1910; Shik and Orlovsky, 1976; Dubner et al., 1978). Higher CNS structures including the basal ganglia, the cerebellum and the motor cortex represent a higher level of integration in the hierarchy (Fig. 3). These structures exert control over the brain stem and spinal cord and their contribution to ...
Axonal Dopamine Receptors Activate Peripheral Spike
... soma antidromically, and down toward the pdn. If similar spike conduction velocities in both directions are assumed, the conduction delay between the two spike initiation sites can be roughly calculated. Spikes generated in the periphery passed the dvn recording site and invaded the soma !10 msec la ...
... soma antidromically, and down toward the pdn. If similar spike conduction velocities in both directions are assumed, the conduction delay between the two spike initiation sites can be roughly calculated. Spikes generated in the periphery passed the dvn recording site and invaded the soma !10 msec la ...
THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... Three independent groups reported the molecular identification of two G proteincoupled receptors, PKR1 and PKR2, that share 87% sequence homology and bind prokineticins non-selectively with high affinity, and although PKR1 and PKR2 share a high degree of sequence conservation, their genes are prese ...
... Three independent groups reported the molecular identification of two G proteincoupled receptors, PKR1 and PKR2, that share 87% sequence homology and bind prokineticins non-selectively with high affinity, and although PKR1 and PKR2 share a high degree of sequence conservation, their genes are prese ...
Neuronal calcium-binding proteins 1/2 localize to dorsal root ganglia
... proteins, with one pair of EF-hand motifs in the N terminus and a putative antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domain in the C terminus, which are linked by a NECAB homogeneous region (22). NECAB1/2 are restricted to the nervous system, whereas NECAB3 is also expressed in the heart and skeletal mu ...
... proteins, with one pair of EF-hand motifs in the N terminus and a putative antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domain in the C terminus, which are linked by a NECAB homogeneous region (22). NECAB1/2 are restricted to the nervous system, whereas NECAB3 is also expressed in the heart and skeletal mu ...
Reward and Aversion
... (DA) was once considered almost synonymous with reward, but investigation of exactly which of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitte ...
... (DA) was once considered almost synonymous with reward, but investigation of exactly which of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitte ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... thalamic projection neurons including motor and sensory thalamic nuclei (Kuramoto et al. 2009; Ohno et al. 2012). In the VA-VL, IZ neurons were classified as matrix-type neurons from the observation that more than half of their projecting axon fibers were distributed in L1 of the cerebral cortex (Kura ...
... thalamic projection neurons including motor and sensory thalamic nuclei (Kuramoto et al. 2009; Ohno et al. 2012). In the VA-VL, IZ neurons were classified as matrix-type neurons from the observation that more than half of their projecting axon fibers were distributed in L1 of the cerebral cortex (Kura ...
Production of nerve growth factor by
... 1996; Hock et al., 2000). Moreover, the expression of NGF receptors in neurons from cortex, hippocampus, and forebrain nucleus basalis is altered in AD. TrkA expression is reduced in early and late stages of AD (Boissiere et al., 1997; Mufson et al., 1997; Hock et al., 1998; Savaskan et al., 2000; C ...
... 1996; Hock et al., 2000). Moreover, the expression of NGF receptors in neurons from cortex, hippocampus, and forebrain nucleus basalis is altered in AD. TrkA expression is reduced in early and late stages of AD (Boissiere et al., 1997; Mufson et al., 1997; Hock et al., 1998; Savaskan et al., 2000; C ...
Simulating Populations of Neurons - Leeds VLE
... advances we have made over the last 100 years have allowed us to now consider processes on an individual level and use computational techniques to be able to simulate them. This project considers the paper Stable propagation of synchronous spiking in cortical neural networks (Diesmann, Gewaltig, & A ...
... advances we have made over the last 100 years have allowed us to now consider processes on an individual level and use computational techniques to be able to simulate them. This project considers the paper Stable propagation of synchronous spiking in cortical neural networks (Diesmann, Gewaltig, & A ...
Ensemble Patterns of Hippocampal CA3
... indicated that, on average, local ripples developed and peaked at the same time, individual events could be “initiated” from any location. Thus, no particular recording site systematically “lead” the ripple event. Local ripples were correlated with single unit activity derived from the same electrod ...
... indicated that, on average, local ripples developed and peaked at the same time, individual events could be “initiated” from any location. Thus, no particular recording site systematically “lead” the ripple event. Local ripples were correlated with single unit activity derived from the same electrod ...
The dual nature of time preparation: neural
... single pulse TMS was delivered, over the hand area of the left motor cortex (M1), according to seven stimulation times distributed either during the preparatory period or during the RT. Note that when the stimulation was delivered during the foreperiod, the subjects were unaware as to the effector i ...
... single pulse TMS was delivered, over the hand area of the left motor cortex (M1), according to seven stimulation times distributed either during the preparatory period or during the RT. Note that when the stimulation was delivered during the foreperiod, the subjects were unaware as to the effector i ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... Proprioceptive sensory signals inform the CNS of the consequences of motor acts, but effective motor planning involves internal neural systems capable of anticipating actual sensory feedback. Just where and how predictive systems exert their influence remains poorly understood. We explored the possi ...
... Proprioceptive sensory signals inform the CNS of the consequences of motor acts, but effective motor planning involves internal neural systems capable of anticipating actual sensory feedback. Just where and how predictive systems exert their influence remains poorly understood. We explored the possi ...
Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies
... A linear motion filter is constructed by adding appropriate combinations of the figj. For example, f1g1 ) f2g2 and f2g1 ( f1g2 pass motion in the )x direction. These two linear filters are in space-time quadrature. They were convolved with the three-dimensional spatiotemporal pattern of the dynamic ...
... A linear motion filter is constructed by adding appropriate combinations of the figj. For example, f1g1 ) f2g2 and f2g1 ( f1g2 pass motion in the )x direction. These two linear filters are in space-time quadrature. They were convolved with the three-dimensional spatiotemporal pattern of the dynamic ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.