Clustered Organization of Neurons with Similar Extra
... five different penetrations. The summation indices of all neurons recorded were shown (Figure 3, left panels), together with histological reconstruction of the electrode track through the cortical layers (Figure 3, right panels). Regardless of whether the penetration was tangential, oblique, or norm ...
... five different penetrations. The summation indices of all neurons recorded were shown (Figure 3, left panels), together with histological reconstruction of the electrode track through the cortical layers (Figure 3, right panels). Regardless of whether the penetration was tangential, oblique, or norm ...
Contributions of cortical feedback to sensory processing in primary
... The era of Mountcastle, Hubel and Wiesel had “profound physiological implications” for the study of cortical processing (see Kandel, 2014). Hubel and Wiesel (1959) characterized the response properties of visual cortical neurons in columns: V1 neurons respond to their selective stimulus (e.g., a lin ...
... The era of Mountcastle, Hubel and Wiesel had “profound physiological implications” for the study of cortical processing (see Kandel, 2014). Hubel and Wiesel (1959) characterized the response properties of visual cortical neurons in columns: V1 neurons respond to their selective stimulus (e.g., a lin ...
Dynamics of sensory processing in the dual olfactory pathway of the
... differences are also observed in the structure of the local interneuron network of the AL. In the locust, for example, it comprises only about 300 inhibitory LNs that do not produce sodium action potentials (Laurent and Davidowitz 1994). In comparison, the honeybee AL network is composed of ∼4,000–5 ...
... differences are also observed in the structure of the local interneuron network of the AL. In the locust, for example, it comprises only about 300 inhibitory LNs that do not produce sodium action potentials (Laurent and Davidowitz 1994). In comparison, the honeybee AL network is composed of ∼4,000–5 ...
Oscillatory phase coupling coordinates
... Fig. 1. Patterns of oscillatory phase coupling across multiple brain areas coordinate anatomically dispersed neuronal cell assemblies (schematic). (A–D) Hypothesis 1: Spike timing in single neurons depends on frequency-specific oscillatory phase coupling across multiple brain areas. (A) Spiking in o ...
... Fig. 1. Patterns of oscillatory phase coupling across multiple brain areas coordinate anatomically dispersed neuronal cell assemblies (schematic). (A–D) Hypothesis 1: Spike timing in single neurons depends on frequency-specific oscillatory phase coupling across multiple brain areas. (A) Spiking in o ...
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
... Category selectivity was assessed with one-way ANOVAs with three levels: “Monkey,” “Human,” and “Object.” Significant results are reported based on P ⬍ 0.05 level, unless stated otherwise. Bonferroni–Dunn post hoc tests (also at P ⬍ 0.05) were used to determine which category of stimuli for which ea ...
... Category selectivity was assessed with one-way ANOVAs with three levels: “Monkey,” “Human,” and “Object.” Significant results are reported based on P ⬍ 0.05 level, unless stated otherwise. Bonferroni–Dunn post hoc tests (also at P ⬍ 0.05) were used to determine which category of stimuli for which ea ...
On the importance of the transient visual response in the superior
... greater in magnitude and occurring earlier in time [10,21]. The signal is not particularly selective, however, for visual features such as color, orientation, shape, motion velocity or duration [7,22]. The early part of the signal is also blind to whether a stimulus in its receptive field is a targe ...
... greater in magnitude and occurring earlier in time [10,21]. The signal is not particularly selective, however, for visual features such as color, orientation, shape, motion velocity or duration [7,22]. The early part of the signal is also blind to whether a stimulus in its receptive field is a targe ...
projecting to oculomotor regions of the pons Activity of monkey
... burst neurons in the PPRF. When this inhibition is released, burst neurons generate the pulse of activity required by oculomotoneurons to drive the eye to a new location at high velocity (Luschei and Fuchs 1972; Keller 1974 ). Oculomotor inputs to the cerebellum are used to monitor and regulate sacc ...
... burst neurons in the PPRF. When this inhibition is released, burst neurons generate the pulse of activity required by oculomotoneurons to drive the eye to a new location at high velocity (Luschei and Fuchs 1972; Keller 1974 ). Oculomotor inputs to the cerebellum are used to monitor and regulate sacc ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... total level of synaptic efficacy. A frequent approach in neural network models is to globally adjust all the synapses onto each postsynaptic neuron based on its level of activity3. The adjustment can take two forms, depending on whether the synapses to a particular neuron are changed by the same amo ...
... total level of synaptic efficacy. A frequent approach in neural network models is to globally adjust all the synapses onto each postsynaptic neuron based on its level of activity3. The adjustment can take two forms, depending on whether the synapses to a particular neuron are changed by the same amo ...
the distribution of the cells of origin of callosal projections in cat
... cortex (Palmer et al., 1978) and of areas 20 and 21 (Heath and Jones, 1971; Tusa and Palmer, 1980). This is unfortunate since, in behavioral experiments, Berlucchi et al. (1979) showed that the callosal connections of the cat’s suprasylvian cortex (including the lateral suprasylvian visual areas and ...
... cortex (Palmer et al., 1978) and of areas 20 and 21 (Heath and Jones, 1971; Tusa and Palmer, 1980). This is unfortunate since, in behavioral experiments, Berlucchi et al. (1979) showed that the callosal connections of the cat’s suprasylvian cortex (including the lateral suprasylvian visual areas and ...
Fig. 2 - eNeuro
... and Hovda, 2001; Shaw, 2002). Xenopus laevis tadpoles at two days old (just hatched) display behavior similar to KOs when they swim into solid objects, i.e., their swimming stops abruptly and their motor responses are subdued afterward for many seconds. At this early developmental stage, the tadpole ...
... and Hovda, 2001; Shaw, 2002). Xenopus laevis tadpoles at two days old (just hatched) display behavior similar to KOs when they swim into solid objects, i.e., their swimming stops abruptly and their motor responses are subdued afterward for many seconds. At this early developmental stage, the tadpole ...
and Third-Order Neurons of Cockroach Ocelli
... in second-order neurons by either an extrinsic current or a sinusoidally modulated light. The synapse had a low-pass filter characteristic with a cutoff frequency of 2 5 - 3 0 Hz, which passed most presynaptic signals. The synapse operated at an exponentially rising part o f the overall sigmoidal in ...
... in second-order neurons by either an extrinsic current or a sinusoidally modulated light. The synapse had a low-pass filter characteristic with a cutoff frequency of 2 5 - 3 0 Hz, which passed most presynaptic signals. The synapse operated at an exponentially rising part o f the overall sigmoidal in ...
the functional properties of the light
... what are called associative functions, the neural mechanisms of those associations are still unclear. The second general concept is that the inferior parietal lobule is a higher order processing area of the visual system, for it is known to receive convergent inputs from both the geniculostriate and ...
... what are called associative functions, the neural mechanisms of those associations are still unclear. The second general concept is that the inferior parietal lobule is a higher order processing area of the visual system, for it is known to receive convergent inputs from both the geniculostriate and ...
Functional Organization of the Cat Visual Cortex in Relation to the
... Extracellular recordings were conducted after the final optical imaging session. Recording sites were determined using the cortical blood vessel patterns as a reference, and glass-coated platinum-iridium microelectrodes (1–2 M⍀ at 1 kHz) were placed using a hydraulic microdrive (MO-95, Narishige, To ...
... Extracellular recordings were conducted after the final optical imaging session. Recording sites were determined using the cortical blood vessel patterns as a reference, and glass-coated platinum-iridium microelectrodes (1–2 M⍀ at 1 kHz) were placed using a hydraulic microdrive (MO-95, Narishige, To ...
Words in the Brain`s Language
... Human language production is caused by neuronal activity and any speech signal necessarily activates neurons in the brain of listeners when being perceived. It is the very purpose of language science to specify these processes and the underlying mechanisms. However, due to the enormous complexity of ...
... Human language production is caused by neuronal activity and any speech signal necessarily activates neurons in the brain of listeners when being perceived. It is the very purpose of language science to specify these processes and the underlying mechanisms. However, due to the enormous complexity of ...
The ventral striatum - Brain imaging of Parkinson`s disease
... territory), the caudate nucleus (associative territory) and the posterior putamen (sensorimotor territory) [15–17]. However, the reduction in the number of neurons from the striatum to the output structures of basal ganglia, the internal segment of globus pallidus (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars ...
... territory), the caudate nucleus (associative territory) and the posterior putamen (sensorimotor territory) [15–17]. However, the reduction in the number of neurons from the striatum to the output structures of basal ganglia, the internal segment of globus pallidus (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars ...
A local circuit approach to understanding integration of
... might be reconciled by invoking dramatic state changes in local neurons or in long-distance synapses. Here we show that local cortical circuitry is sufficient to explain these receptive field ‘switching’ effects, provided that some contrast-related asymmetr y between local cortical excitatory and in ...
... might be reconciled by invoking dramatic state changes in local neurons or in long-distance synapses. Here we show that local cortical circuitry is sufficient to explain these receptive field ‘switching’ effects, provided that some contrast-related asymmetr y between local cortical excitatory and in ...
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP By Dr. Mohammad
... • Behavioural observation and EEG changes Each successive stage have EEG pattern characterized by slow frequency and high voltage than previous one ...
... • Behavioural observation and EEG changes Each successive stage have EEG pattern characterized by slow frequency and high voltage than previous one ...
The role of mirror neurons in cognition
... our conscious lives. But answers to the really difficult questions such as how does a thought, mind, or consciousness emerge from mere chemical interactions of cells still remained far from our reach. It was becoming clear that anatomy and physiology by themselves were not sufficient to reveal every ...
... our conscious lives. But answers to the really difficult questions such as how does a thought, mind, or consciousness emerge from mere chemical interactions of cells still remained far from our reach. It was becoming clear that anatomy and physiology by themselves were not sufficient to reveal every ...
Maruska & Tricas 2011
... Zhang and Delay, 2007). However, the hypothesis that these two extra-hypothalamic GnRH systems can directly modulate sensory processing in the brain has received only limited experimental testing (Kawai et al., 2010; Kinoshita et al., 2007), and little is known about how GnRH might influence other re ...
... Zhang and Delay, 2007). However, the hypothesis that these two extra-hypothalamic GnRH systems can directly modulate sensory processing in the brain has received only limited experimental testing (Kawai et al., 2010; Kinoshita et al., 2007), and little is known about how GnRH might influence other re ...
Foundation and practice of neurofeedback for the treatment of epilepsy
... thalamus (Howe & Sterman, 1972), which are generally concerned with conducting afferent somatosensory information (Fig. 1). During conditioned SMR production, nVB firing patterns shift from fast and non-rhythmic (tonic) discharges to systematic, rhythmic bursts of discharges (Harper & Sterman, 1972) ...
... thalamus (Howe & Sterman, 1972), which are generally concerned with conducting afferent somatosensory information (Fig. 1). During conditioned SMR production, nVB firing patterns shift from fast and non-rhythmic (tonic) discharges to systematic, rhythmic bursts of discharges (Harper & Sterman, 1972) ...
Title - HAL
... 1.Introduction Neuronal dendrites display an astonishing diversity in shape. This part of the nerve cells is important for several reasons. Firstly, it strongly influences the information processing performed by the cell, though how this influence is exercised is still debated. Secondly, the shape o ...
... 1.Introduction Neuronal dendrites display an astonishing diversity in shape. This part of the nerve cells is important for several reasons. Firstly, it strongly influences the information processing performed by the cell, though how this influence is exercised is still debated. Secondly, the shape o ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
... mean response profile of the population. However, pairwise correlations in mothers were twice as high as those of virgins, and higher-order correlations were much more dominant. These results reveal a novel, purely network-level functional plasticity mechanism in AC, associated with a dramatic yet n ...
... mean response profile of the population. However, pairwise correlations in mothers were twice as high as those of virgins, and higher-order correlations were much more dominant. These results reveal a novel, purely network-level functional plasticity mechanism in AC, associated with a dramatic yet n ...
PDF - Folia Biologica
... vertebrate brain. This complicated process peaked in the human brain. In the human neocortex are deposited structural and functional mechanisms of language, thinking, planning and other cognitive functions that significantly differentiate human beings from other mammals. Mammalian neocortex consists ...
... vertebrate brain. This complicated process peaked in the human brain. In the human neocortex are deposited structural and functional mechanisms of language, thinking, planning and other cognitive functions that significantly differentiate human beings from other mammals. Mammalian neocortex consists ...
Electroencephalography - Department of Computational and
... the various sleep stages). These oscillations represent synchronized activity over a network of neurons. The neuronal networks underlying some of these oscillations are understood (e.g., the thalamocortical resonance underlying sleep spindles), while many others are not (e.g., the system that genera ...
... the various sleep stages). These oscillations represent synchronized activity over a network of neurons. The neuronal networks underlying some of these oscillations are understood (e.g., the thalamocortical resonance underlying sleep spindles), while many others are not (e.g., the system that genera ...
Bayesian Spiking Neurons II: Learning
... more (or less) probable than average was xt when a spike was received from that synapse. Thus, the weights are positively or negatively incremented depending on whether the probability of xt tends to be larger or smaller than its running average at the moment of the synaptic input. Similarly, learni ...
... more (or less) probable than average was xt when a spike was received from that synapse. Thus, the weights are positively or negatively incremented depending on whether the probability of xt tends to be larger or smaller than its running average at the moment of the synaptic input. Similarly, learni ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.