Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies
... A linear motion filter is constructed by adding appropriate combinations of the figj. For example, f1g1 ) f2g2 and f2g1 ( f1g2 pass motion in the )x direction. These two linear filters are in space-time quadrature. They were convolved with the three-dimensional spatiotemporal pattern of the dynamic ...
... A linear motion filter is constructed by adding appropriate combinations of the figj. For example, f1g1 ) f2g2 and f2g1 ( f1g2 pass motion in the )x direction. These two linear filters are in space-time quadrature. They were convolved with the three-dimensional spatiotemporal pattern of the dynamic ...
Superior Colliculus and Visual Spatial Attention
... Peripheral cues cause deviations at short delays, consistent with a stimulus-driven effect, whereas central cues cause deviations at longer delays, consistent with a top-down effect. Neuronal activity in the SC is modulated by peripheral cues in ways that parallel the behavioral effects on saccades. ...
... Peripheral cues cause deviations at short delays, consistent with a stimulus-driven effect, whereas central cues cause deviations at longer delays, consistent with a top-down effect. Neuronal activity in the SC is modulated by peripheral cues in ways that parallel the behavioral effects on saccades. ...
Mirror neuron functioning: an explanation for
... Research as described above does makes it likely to believe that humans are in the possession of a system resembling to the one found in monkeys. However, a recent article by Turella and colleagues (2007) argues that from the great range of research on the topic of mirror neurons in humans, due to i ...
... Research as described above does makes it likely to believe that humans are in the possession of a system resembling to the one found in monkeys. However, a recent article by Turella and colleagues (2007) argues that from the great range of research on the topic of mirror neurons in humans, due to i ...
Novel approaches to explore mechanisms of
... overlap of classifications (Blumcke et al., 2013). Primary generalized epilepsies, such as absence epilepsy involving thalamo-cortical circuits, Dravet syndrome or generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), which all have strong genetic components, often due to monogenic ion channel m ...
... overlap of classifications (Blumcke et al., 2013). Primary generalized epilepsies, such as absence epilepsy involving thalamo-cortical circuits, Dravet syndrome or generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), which all have strong genetic components, often due to monogenic ion channel m ...
Thalamocortical inputs trigger a propagating envelope of gamma
... number of consecutive 100-µm slices with AChE-positive bands, ranged from 0.8 mm to over 1.8 mm. These data indicate that the slices used here likely included primary auditory cortex. However, the slices certainly included nonprimary auditory cortex as well. These areas abut primary cortex on ventra ...
... number of consecutive 100-µm slices with AChE-positive bands, ranged from 0.8 mm to over 1.8 mm. These data indicate that the slices used here likely included primary auditory cortex. However, the slices certainly included nonprimary auditory cortex as well. These areas abut primary cortex on ventra ...
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... brain. However, there is in fact no substantial evidence that neuronal loss appears on a large scale as a universal effect throughout the whole brain. It is estimated that, in the cortex, very few neurons become lost with age (Cragg 1975; Pakkenberg & Gundensen, 1997; Peters et al., 1998), and that ...
... brain. However, there is in fact no substantial evidence that neuronal loss appears on a large scale as a universal effect throughout the whole brain. It is estimated that, in the cortex, very few neurons become lost with age (Cragg 1975; Pakkenberg & Gundensen, 1997; Peters et al., 1998), and that ...
Tsutsui (2004) Neural mechanisms of three
... most disparity sensitive neurons in V1 was found to alter when the absolute disparity was changed, leaving the relative disparity constant (Cumming and Parker, 1999). We found a group of disparity sensitive neurons in area CIP (caudal intraparietal) in the parietal cortex, which borders V3A and LIP ...
... most disparity sensitive neurons in V1 was found to alter when the absolute disparity was changed, leaving the relative disparity constant (Cumming and Parker, 1999). We found a group of disparity sensitive neurons in area CIP (caudal intraparietal) in the parietal cortex, which borders V3A and LIP ...
Sleep and metabolism: Role of hypothalamic
... anterior hypothalamus as well as GABAergic cells in the median preoptic area.2–4 These subcorticallymediated transitions are then followed by low frequency oscillations in the neocortex, which contribute to the distinctive scalp EEG patterns characteristic of sleep. There are three major groups of w ...
... anterior hypothalamus as well as GABAergic cells in the median preoptic area.2–4 These subcorticallymediated transitions are then followed by low frequency oscillations in the neocortex, which contribute to the distinctive scalp EEG patterns characteristic of sleep. There are three major groups of w ...
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... The number ofnew HVC neurons stayed fairly constant between 60 and 240 d after the injections of 3H-thymidine. This suggests that the great majority (all?) of new HVC neurons born in midSeptember and that had acquired an adult phenotype by 60 d survived at least 8 months. We cannot speak with equal ...
... The number ofnew HVC neurons stayed fairly constant between 60 and 240 d after the injections of 3H-thymidine. This suggests that the great majority (all?) of new HVC neurons born in midSeptember and that had acquired an adult phenotype by 60 d survived at least 8 months. We cannot speak with equal ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... on dendrites of auditory nerve fibers beneath IHCs. In the cat, those dendrites contacting the IHC on its modiolar side, which correspond to high-threshold, lowspontaneous rate fibers, receive an average of 15–25 synapses per fiber (Liberman et al. 1990). Those dendrites contacting the IHC on its pi ...
... on dendrites of auditory nerve fibers beneath IHCs. In the cat, those dendrites contacting the IHC on its modiolar side, which correspond to high-threshold, lowspontaneous rate fibers, receive an average of 15–25 synapses per fiber (Liberman et al. 1990). Those dendrites contacting the IHC on its pi ...
189084_189084 - espace@Curtin
... Dopamine neurons have been a focus of scientific attention ever since the discovery of dopamine as an important neurotransmitter in its own right (Carlsson et al. 1962), and the observation that it was significantly depleted in the brains of patients with Parkinson‟s disease (Davie 2008; Hornykiewic ...
... Dopamine neurons have been a focus of scientific attention ever since the discovery of dopamine as an important neurotransmitter in its own right (Carlsson et al. 1962), and the observation that it was significantly depleted in the brains of patients with Parkinson‟s disease (Davie 2008; Hornykiewic ...
Saccades and multisaccadic gaze shifts are gated by different
... could be set in any direction and the velocity could be varied between 10 and 100 deg·s–1. However, in the experiments reported here we used only four axes (horizontal, vertical, +45 deg and –45 deg) and one speed (60 deg·s–1) of target motion. To evoke tracking eye movements and to evaluate visual ...
... could be set in any direction and the velocity could be varied between 10 and 100 deg·s–1. However, in the experiments reported here we used only four axes (horizontal, vertical, +45 deg and –45 deg) and one speed (60 deg·s–1) of target motion. To evoke tracking eye movements and to evaluate visual ...
Synaptic function: Dendritic democracy
... of origin in the dendrites to the soma and into the axon before they can influence neuronal output. Dendrites behave rather like leaky electrical cables, however, in that they filter electrical signals passing through them. As a consequence, when they arrive at the soma, synaptic potentials generate ...
... of origin in the dendrites to the soma and into the axon before they can influence neuronal output. Dendrites behave rather like leaky electrical cables, however, in that they filter electrical signals passing through them. As a consequence, when they arrive at the soma, synaptic potentials generate ...
The Control of Rate and Timing of Spikes in the Deep Cerebellar
... potential required to yield realistic spike rates. Morpholog ical characteristics of recorded cells. C ell bodies were visualized in the slice with a Z eiss 63⫻ water immersion objective, and the image was captured on camera (Hamamatsu C2400) mounted on a 4⫻ phototube and displayed on a monitor. The ...
... potential required to yield realistic spike rates. Morpholog ical characteristics of recorded cells. C ell bodies were visualized in the slice with a Z eiss 63⫻ water immersion objective, and the image was captured on camera (Hamamatsu C2400) mounted on a 4⫻ phototube and displayed on a monitor. The ...
Combining electroencephalographic activity and
... HRV above 0.15 Hz (i.e. the high-frequency band) are exclusively mediated by vagal activity [41,42], and oscillations below 0.15 Hz (i.e. low-frequency band) are mediated by both vagal and sympathetic activities [43]. At a central level, emotions have mainly been studied through functional magnetic ...
... HRV above 0.15 Hz (i.e. the high-frequency band) are exclusively mediated by vagal activity [41,42], and oscillations below 0.15 Hz (i.e. low-frequency band) are mediated by both vagal and sympathetic activities [43]. At a central level, emotions have mainly been studied through functional magnetic ...
Neuromodulation and cortical function: BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN
... activation of metabotropic receptors by trans-ACPD or L-AP4 can suppress excitatory synaptic transmission [ 106,128]. Similarly, some of the effects of GABA may be classified as modulatory, such as the suppression of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission mediated by GABAn receptors (see Fi ...
... activation of metabotropic receptors by trans-ACPD or L-AP4 can suppress excitatory synaptic transmission [ 106,128]. Similarly, some of the effects of GABA may be classified as modulatory, such as the suppression of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission mediated by GABAn receptors (see Fi ...
Pierre Berthet Computational Modeling of the Basal Ganglia – Functional Pathways
... better representation of the world in order to compute the best motor response possible in that environment. One thing seems certain, there is only trough motor output that one can interact on and influence the environment (Wolpert et al., 1995). It has furthermore been proposed that the functional ...
... better representation of the world in order to compute the best motor response possible in that environment. One thing seems certain, there is only trough motor output that one can interact on and influence the environment (Wolpert et al., 1995). It has furthermore been proposed that the functional ...
L8-Physiology of Sleep and EEG 2013
... (eg, mental arithmetic, stress, opening eyes, any form of sensory stimulation). Then become replaced with irregular low voltage activity. Desynchronization as it represents breakup of synchronized neuronal activity. An abnormal exception is alpha coma, most often caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalo ...
... (eg, mental arithmetic, stress, opening eyes, any form of sensory stimulation). Then become replaced with irregular low voltage activity. Desynchronization as it represents breakup of synchronized neuronal activity. An abnormal exception is alpha coma, most often caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalo ...
Parallel Processing of Appetitive Short- and Long
... adenylyl cyclase (AC) encoded by the rutabaga (rut) gene [21] is necessary to aversive olfactory conditioning where an odorant is associated to electric shock. RUT AC was proposed to function as a coincidence detector [11, 12, 22– 24], integrating both the olfactory information carried by projection ...
... adenylyl cyclase (AC) encoded by the rutabaga (rut) gene [21] is necessary to aversive olfactory conditioning where an odorant is associated to electric shock. RUT AC was proposed to function as a coincidence detector [11, 12, 22– 24], integrating both the olfactory information carried by projection ...
Visual and oculomotor selection: links, causes and
... additional ‘distracter’ stimuli outside the V4 neuron receptive field, as has been observed during attention. These findings suggest that the gain of visual responses in extrastriate cortex is directly modulated by the same activity that elicits a saccade to a particular location, and they suggest a ...
... additional ‘distracter’ stimuli outside the V4 neuron receptive field, as has been observed during attention. These findings suggest that the gain of visual responses in extrastriate cortex is directly modulated by the same activity that elicits a saccade to a particular location, and they suggest a ...
Motor planning under unpredictable reward: modulations of
... sum plots (CUSUM), and traces of position, aligned on the task events. The changes of neuronal activity associated with wrist movement were analyzed using PEHs and raster displays. In addition, the CUSUM plots (see, e.g., Lebedev and Nelson, 1995) in which mean firing rates are given by the plot’s s ...
... sum plots (CUSUM), and traces of position, aligned on the task events. The changes of neuronal activity associated with wrist movement were analyzed using PEHs and raster displays. In addition, the CUSUM plots (see, e.g., Lebedev and Nelson, 1995) in which mean firing rates are given by the plot’s s ...
The effect of spinal cord injury on the neurochemical properties of
... injury which removes any potential sources of spinal input rostrally and isolates vagal ...
... injury which removes any potential sources of spinal input rostrally and isolates vagal ...
Toward a Unified Theory of Visual Area V4
... extends to the surface of the temporal-occipital gyrus (Figure 1A). V4 contains representations of both superior (ventral V4) and inferior visual field (dorsal V4) representations (Gattass et al., 1988). Recent retinotopic mapping (Figure 1B) of this region using fMRI has provided evidence that it is ...
... extends to the surface of the temporal-occipital gyrus (Figure 1A). V4 contains representations of both superior (ventral V4) and inferior visual field (dorsal V4) representations (Gattass et al., 1988). Recent retinotopic mapping (Figure 1B) of this region using fMRI has provided evidence that it is ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.