View PDF - Laboratory of Brain, Hearing and Behavior
... animal associates the stimulus with rewarding or aversive consequences as a result of learning or innate predisposition. The influence of behavioral relevance in modulating SC/OT responses has been demonstrated by the finding that stimulus feature tuning can develop in SC neurons when the stimulus i ...
... animal associates the stimulus with rewarding or aversive consequences as a result of learning or innate predisposition. The influence of behavioral relevance in modulating SC/OT responses has been demonstrated by the finding that stimulus feature tuning can develop in SC neurons when the stimulus i ...
Dopamine-Independent Locomotion Following Blockade of N
... been proposed for a number of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and drug addiction (Robinson and Berridge, 1993; Yang et al., 1999). The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system arises from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which send axonal projections to a number of f ...
... been proposed for a number of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and drug addiction (Robinson and Berridge, 1993; Yang et al., 1999). The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system arises from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which send axonal projections to a number of f ...
Visuomotor Functions in the Frontal Lobe
... high-density counterstream architectures. Science 342:1238406. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. (b) Hierarchy of visual areas. The lateral frontal eye field (FEF) (8l), which produces shorter saccades, is at the same level as V3 and V4, whereas the medial FEF (8m), which produces longer saccades ...
... high-density counterstream architectures. Science 342:1238406. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. (b) Hierarchy of visual areas. The lateral frontal eye field (FEF) (8l), which produces shorter saccades, is at the same level as V3 and V4, whereas the medial FEF (8m), which produces longer saccades ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... raphé nuclei. Midline raphé neurons are proposed to be elements of a distributed brainstem system of central chemoreceptors, as well as modulators of central chemoreceptors at other sites, including the retrotrapezoid nucleus. Stimulation of the raphé system or peripheral chemoreceptors can induc ...
... raphé nuclei. Midline raphé neurons are proposed to be elements of a distributed brainstem system of central chemoreceptors, as well as modulators of central chemoreceptors at other sites, including the retrotrapezoid nucleus. Stimulation of the raphé system or peripheral chemoreceptors can induc ...
(2012) Prediction of economic choice by primate amygdala neurons
... Percentage of observed save sequences in six representative sessions with different interest rates (q). (C) Saving index increased as a function of interest rate (monkey A: R2 = 0.61; monkey B: R2 = 0.71; both P < 0.03, linear regression), and mean index differed between monkeys (Inset; P = 0.005, p ...
... Percentage of observed save sequences in six representative sessions with different interest rates (q). (C) Saving index increased as a function of interest rate (monkey A: R2 = 0.61; monkey B: R2 = 0.71; both P < 0.03, linear regression), and mean index differed between monkeys (Inset; P = 0.005, p ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... Figure 2. Effects of 4V 2DG glucoprivation and FC on single identified gastric reflex control neurons in the hindbrain. Left panels, Single-unit NST neuron responses to gastric balloon distension (1 ml). Note that 2DG reduces the excitation of the NST neuron responding to vagal afferent distension i ...
... Figure 2. Effects of 4V 2DG glucoprivation and FC on single identified gastric reflex control neurons in the hindbrain. Left panels, Single-unit NST neuron responses to gastric balloon distension (1 ml). Note that 2DG reduces the excitation of the NST neuron responding to vagal afferent distension i ...
Expectancies in decision making, reinforcement
... Decisions can arise in different ways, such as from a gut feeling, doing what worked last time, or planful deliberation. Different decision-making systems are dissociable behaviorally, map onto distinct brain systems, and have different computational demands. For instance, “model-free” decision stra ...
... Decisions can arise in different ways, such as from a gut feeling, doing what worked last time, or planful deliberation. Different decision-making systems are dissociable behaviorally, map onto distinct brain systems, and have different computational demands. For instance, “model-free” decision stra ...
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... integral to my future success. Additionally, I’m grateful for all the squash clinics that Mike “the Touch” Dorris put me through. Specifically, that one game where I was so happy about achieving a pe ...
... integral to my future success. Additionally, I’m grateful for all the squash clinics that Mike “the Touch” Dorris put me through. Specifically, that one game where I was so happy about achieving a pe ...
Morphology of Thalamocortical Neurons Projecting
... This study examined the morphology of thalamocortical neurons projecting to the primary somatosensory cortex (SI; hand region of areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2) and their relationship to the spinothalamic (STT) terminals in the squirrel monkey. Retrogradely labeled thalamocortical neurons were intracellular ...
... This study examined the morphology of thalamocortical neurons projecting to the primary somatosensory cortex (SI; hand region of areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2) and their relationship to the spinothalamic (STT) terminals in the squirrel monkey. Retrogradely labeled thalamocortical neurons were intracellular ...
Genesis and Control of the Respiratory Rhythm in Adult
... elevator costae, and abdominal muscles. Although they are often classified as “accessory” respiratory muscles, they play an important role since they stiffen the rib cage and thus determine the efficiency of the diaphragm contractions. Thirdly, the upper airway muscles such as the laryngeal, pharyng ...
... elevator costae, and abdominal muscles. Although they are often classified as “accessory” respiratory muscles, they play an important role since they stiffen the rib cage and thus determine the efficiency of the diaphragm contractions. Thirdly, the upper airway muscles such as the laryngeal, pharyng ...
Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation
... pre-established set-point, and they must encode this information into electrical signals that can persist even during prolonged perturbations50. Studies involving electrophysiological recording (FIG. 4c,d), functional imaging (FIG. 4a,b) or the expression of activity-dependent immediate-early genes ...
... pre-established set-point, and they must encode this information into electrical signals that can persist even during prolonged perturbations50. Studies involving electrophysiological recording (FIG. 4c,d), functional imaging (FIG. 4a,b) or the expression of activity-dependent immediate-early genes ...
NMDA Receptors Contribute to Primary Visceral Afferent
... the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate [non-NMDA: a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate] receptors, which mediate the fast component of glutamate signaling, are activated by visceral afferent transmission to NTS neurons (Andresen and Yang 1990; Brooks and Spyer 1993; Brooks e ...
... the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate [non-NMDA: a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate] receptors, which mediate the fast component of glutamate signaling, are activated by visceral afferent transmission to NTS neurons (Andresen and Yang 1990; Brooks and Spyer 1993; Brooks e ...
Increased Expression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) in
... colabeled with dye and NOS were similarly counted. NOS staining using diaminobenzidine HCI and nickel intensification often obscured the tracer dye fluorescence in the cytoplasm such that dye fluorescence was only evident in the nucleus and in small cytoplasmic granules in NOS-IR cells (Vizzard et a ...
... colabeled with dye and NOS were similarly counted. NOS staining using diaminobenzidine HCI and nickel intensification often obscured the tracer dye fluorescence in the cytoplasm such that dye fluorescence was only evident in the nucleus and in small cytoplasmic granules in NOS-IR cells (Vizzard et a ...
Predictive Coding: A Possible Explanation of Filling
... connection. In response to this top-down information, lower area sends a residual error signal to the higher area, by feed-forward connection, to correct the next prediction. This idea is based on the anatomical architecture of the visual system which is hierarchically organized and reciprocally con ...
... connection. In response to this top-down information, lower area sends a residual error signal to the higher area, by feed-forward connection, to correct the next prediction. This idea is based on the anatomical architecture of the visual system which is hierarchically organized and reciprocally con ...
A thalamic reticular networking model of consciousness
... [Hypotheses]: The present study hypothesizes that the TRN plays a pivotal role in dynamic attention by controlling thalamocortical synchronization. The TRN is thus viewed as a functional networking filter to regulate conscious perception, which is possibly embedded in thalamocortical networks. Based ...
... [Hypotheses]: The present study hypothesizes that the TRN plays a pivotal role in dynamic attention by controlling thalamocortical synchronization. The TRN is thus viewed as a functional networking filter to regulate conscious perception, which is possibly embedded in thalamocortical networks. Based ...
(15 pages pdf)
... *Correspondence: [email protected] DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.031 2Division ...
... *Correspondence: [email protected] DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.031 2Division ...
Kiecker and Lumsden - McLoon Lab
... Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Anterior Neural Boundary/Commissural Plate . . ...
... Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Anterior Neural Boundary/Commissural Plate . . ...
hippocampo–cerebellar theta band phase synchrony in rabbits
... Previous research begs the questions, how do the hippocampus and the cerebellum interact, and what is the special role of the theta oscillation? In order for the hippocampus to modulate memory trace formation in the cerebellum we have to assume interaction between these areas. One indication of inte ...
... Previous research begs the questions, how do the hippocampus and the cerebellum interact, and what is the special role of the theta oscillation? In order for the hippocampus to modulate memory trace formation in the cerebellum we have to assume interaction between these areas. One indication of inte ...
Dr. Abeer Mahmoud - PNU-CS-AI
... Some numbers… The human brain contains about 10 billion nerve cells (neurons). Each neuron is connected to the others through 10000 synapses. Properties of the brain: It can learn, reorganize itself from experience. It adapts to the environment. ...
... Some numbers… The human brain contains about 10 billion nerve cells (neurons). Each neuron is connected to the others through 10000 synapses. Properties of the brain: It can learn, reorganize itself from experience. It adapts to the environment. ...
Sensory Afferent Neurotransmission in Caudal Nucleus Tractus
... fiber and the NTS neuron is: what ion channels control transmitter release? The central terminals are not currently accessible to electrical recording. However, presynaptic mechanisms can be inferred indirectly from post-synaptic responses measured in NTS neurons. An alternative and, in some ways, m ...
... fiber and the NTS neuron is: what ion channels control transmitter release? The central terminals are not currently accessible to electrical recording. However, presynaptic mechanisms can be inferred indirectly from post-synaptic responses measured in NTS neurons. An alternative and, in some ways, m ...
Stimuluslocked responses on human arm muscles reveal a rapid
... 1 ⁄ 3 and 2 ⁄ 3, rather than 1 ⁄ 4 and 3 ⁄ 4 as are often used, because we were primarily interested in estimating the onset of discrimination; that said, our results were not qualitatively changed by modestly changing the threshold or timing parameters. To determine if the EMG activity was linked t ...
... 1 ⁄ 3 and 2 ⁄ 3, rather than 1 ⁄ 4 and 3 ⁄ 4 as are often used, because we were primarily interested in estimating the onset of discrimination; that said, our results were not qualitatively changed by modestly changing the threshold or timing parameters. To determine if the EMG activity was linked t ...
Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioral responses
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
Behavioral Detectability of Single-Cell Stimulation in the Ventral
... Analysis. We restricted the analysis of behavioral responses to those single-cell stimulation and catch trials in which animals were considered attentive, as judged by their performance in microstimulation trials. Specifically, singlecell stimulation trials and catch trials were included if the anim ...
... Analysis. We restricted the analysis of behavioral responses to those single-cell stimulation and catch trials in which animals were considered attentive, as judged by their performance in microstimulation trials. Specifically, singlecell stimulation trials and catch trials were included if the anim ...
The role of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus in the central
... of the nucleus of the solitary tract, as well. In contrast, PrRP-ir cell bodies in the most caudal part of the DMH did not co-express TH suggesting that PrRP-TH double labeled fibers in the DMH are of medullary origin. After emanating from a portion of A2 noradrenaline cells situated in the caudal p ...
... of the nucleus of the solitary tract, as well. In contrast, PrRP-ir cell bodies in the most caudal part of the DMH did not co-express TH suggesting that PrRP-TH double labeled fibers in the DMH are of medullary origin. After emanating from a portion of A2 noradrenaline cells situated in the caudal p ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.