ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
... it represents the major portion of the ganglion. The term neuropil, however, has beef, used in different ways by a number of authors, and is not a precisely defined concept (see Herrick, 1948; Dempsey and Luse, 1958; Friede, 1960). Classically it is an anatomical term referring to regions of the cen ...
... it represents the major portion of the ganglion. The term neuropil, however, has beef, used in different ways by a number of authors, and is not a precisely defined concept (see Herrick, 1948; Dempsey and Luse, 1958; Friede, 1960). Classically it is an anatomical term referring to regions of the cen ...
Predominance of Movement Speed Over Direction in Neuronal
... During all motor tasks, rotation of the steering wheel (car-driving task) or movement of the joystick/manipulandum (in target pursuit) was linearly translated into car/cursor position on the screen (see Fig. 1A, black line). Movement velocity and acceleration were estimated by a 5-point derivative a ...
... During all motor tasks, rotation of the steering wheel (car-driving task) or movement of the joystick/manipulandum (in target pursuit) was linearly translated into car/cursor position on the screen (see Fig. 1A, black line). Movement velocity and acceleration were estimated by a 5-point derivative a ...
Gradual increase in neuronal density of rats
... 13. Meyer G, Albus K. Topography and cortical projections of morphologically identified neurons in the visual thalamus of the cat. J Comp Neurol 1981; 201: 353-374. 14. Hitchcock PF, Hickey TL. Morphology of C-laminae neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat: a Golgi ...
... 13. Meyer G, Albus K. Topography and cortical projections of morphologically identified neurons in the visual thalamus of the cat. J Comp Neurol 1981; 201: 353-374. 14. Hitchcock PF, Hickey TL. Morphology of C-laminae neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat: a Golgi ...
Predominance of Movement Speed Over Direction in Neuronal
... During all motor tasks, rotation of the steering wheel (car-driving task) or movement of the joystick/manipulandum (in target pursuit) was linearly translated into car/cursor position on the screen (see Fig. 1A, black line). Movement velocity and acceleration were estimated by a 5-point derivative a ...
... During all motor tasks, rotation of the steering wheel (car-driving task) or movement of the joystick/manipulandum (in target pursuit) was linearly translated into car/cursor position on the screen (see Fig. 1A, black line). Movement velocity and acceleration were estimated by a 5-point derivative a ...
A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway
... three types of gating in terms of specificity. First, all inputs into a cortical area may be uniformly modulated up or down. Recent research in mice demonstrated that such gating involves the disinhibitory motif mediated by VIP and SOM interneurons6,8,12–15. These studies generally found that VIP neu ...
... three types of gating in terms of specificity. First, all inputs into a cortical area may be uniformly modulated up or down. Recent research in mice demonstrated that such gating involves the disinhibitory motif mediated by VIP and SOM interneurons6,8,12–15. These studies generally found that VIP neu ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit
... somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the mirror properties of the circuit formed in the monkey by parietal areas PFG and the anterior intraparietal area (AIP), and frontal area F5. Recently it was shown that two other areas of the parietal lobe also have mirror neuro ...
... somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the mirror properties of the circuit formed in the monkey by parietal areas PFG and the anterior intraparietal area (AIP), and frontal area F5. Recently it was shown that two other areas of the parietal lobe also have mirror neuro ...
optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor
... Panel b shows a polar plot where direction defines the spatial direction of hand motion and the distance from the origin reflects the magnitude of joint motion. Angular velocity is greatest at the shoulder (blue) and elbow (green) for movements towards or away from the monkey, whereas angular motion ...
... Panel b shows a polar plot where direction defines the spatial direction of hand motion and the distance from the origin reflects the magnitude of joint motion. Angular velocity is greatest at the shoulder (blue) and elbow (green) for movements towards or away from the monkey, whereas angular motion ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approaches exhibit excellent temporal resolution, but do not permit recordings from ...
... positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approaches exhibit excellent temporal resolution, but do not permit recordings from ...
Changes in the N1-P2 Complex after Speech
... 1977; McClaskey, Pisoni, & Carrell, 1983). For example, monolingual speakers of English were trained to distinguish between two pre-voiced /ba/ syllables. They learned to label one pre-voiced /ba/ syllable as “mba” and another as “ba” (Tremblay et al., 1997, 1998). The purpose of this study was to d ...
... 1977; McClaskey, Pisoni, & Carrell, 1983). For example, monolingual speakers of English were trained to distinguish between two pre-voiced /ba/ syllables. They learned to label one pre-voiced /ba/ syllable as “mba” and another as “ba” (Tremblay et al., 1997, 1998). The purpose of this study was to d ...
Disentanglement of local field potential sources by independent
... recording electrodes as local field potentials (LFPs), but their separation into original informative sources is an unresolved problem. Assuming that synaptic currents have stationary placing we implemented independent component model for blind source separation of LFPs in the hippocampal CA1 region ...
... recording electrodes as local field potentials (LFPs), but their separation into original informative sources is an unresolved problem. Assuming that synaptic currents have stationary placing we implemented independent component model for blind source separation of LFPs in the hippocampal CA1 region ...
Does the End Justify the Means?
... i.e., the hand of the model choosing, grasping, and moving the Lego block (the means); or (c) the final stage of the action performed by the experimenter, i.e., the hand of the model leaving the Lego block that has been placed in its end state (the goal). The second factor corresponded to the subjec ...
... i.e., the hand of the model choosing, grasping, and moving the Lego block (the means); or (c) the final stage of the action performed by the experimenter, i.e., the hand of the model leaving the Lego block that has been placed in its end state (the goal). The second factor corresponded to the subjec ...
Fine-scale specificity of cortical networks depends on inhibitory cell
... firing properties for neuron pairs consisting of a simultaneously recorded pyramidal neuron (red dendrites) and inhibitory neuron (blue dendrites and grey axons). Intrinsic firing properties indicated that the inhibitory neuron in a was fastspiking (FS) and the inhibitory neuron in b was adapting (A ...
... firing properties for neuron pairs consisting of a simultaneously recorded pyramidal neuron (red dendrites) and inhibitory neuron (blue dendrites and grey axons). Intrinsic firing properties indicated that the inhibitory neuron in a was fastspiking (FS) and the inhibitory neuron in b was adapting (A ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... these cells during wakefulness. Orexin neurons might activate another type of cholinergic neurons in the PPT and LDT, which are active in wakefulness as well as the REM-sleep period. Recent work also shows that orexin inhibits cholinergic neurons in the PPT via activation of GABAergic local interneu ...
... these cells during wakefulness. Orexin neurons might activate another type of cholinergic neurons in the PPT and LDT, which are active in wakefulness as well as the REM-sleep period. Recent work also shows that orexin inhibits cholinergic neurons in the PPT via activation of GABAergic local interneu ...
Jesús Pujol Martí Neural map organization and development in the lateral-line system
... The nervous system has seized scientists‟ attention throughout the ages. Anatomical methods are the oldest way for studying the nervous system and have uncovered basic principles of its organization, defining a valuable groundwork for understanding its functions. Another important source of informat ...
... The nervous system has seized scientists‟ attention throughout the ages. Anatomical methods are the oldest way for studying the nervous system and have uncovered basic principles of its organization, defining a valuable groundwork for understanding its functions. Another important source of informat ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations
... somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the mirror properties of the circuit formed in the monkey by parietal areas PFG and the anterior intraparietal area (AIP), and frontal area F5. Recently it was shown that two other areas of the parietal lobe also have mirror neuro ...
... somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the mirror properties of the circuit formed in the monkey by parietal areas PFG and the anterior intraparietal area (AIP), and frontal area F5. Recently it was shown that two other areas of the parietal lobe also have mirror neuro ...
Potential switch from eupnea to fictive gasping after blockade of
... peak phrenic activity could only be compared for a subset of the preparations after some experimental perturbations. In these procedures, requiring extended times for completion, it was necessary to reposition the recording electrode periodically. Hence, changes in values of peak phrenic activity co ...
... peak phrenic activity could only be compared for a subset of the preparations after some experimental perturbations. In these procedures, requiring extended times for completion, it was necessary to reposition the recording electrode periodically. Hence, changes in values of peak phrenic activity co ...
Escape behavior and neuronal responses to looming stimuli in the
... was introduced inside a metal guide, positioned vertically above the ball, where it could slide up and down with little friction. This allows the animal to feel its own weight and thus to adopt their natural posture while performing on the ball. The rod and the guide both had square sections, which ...
... was introduced inside a metal guide, positioned vertically above the ball, where it could slide up and down with little friction. This allows the animal to feel its own weight and thus to adopt their natural posture while performing on the ball. The rod and the guide both had square sections, which ...
Scene perception: inferior temporal cortex neurons encode the
... Inferior temporal cortex (IT) neurons have reduced receptive field sizes in complex natural scenes. This facilitates the read-out of information about individual objects from IT, but raises the question of whether more than the single object present at the fovea is represented by the firing of IT ne ...
... Inferior temporal cortex (IT) neurons have reduced receptive field sizes in complex natural scenes. This facilitates the read-out of information about individual objects from IT, but raises the question of whether more than the single object present at the fovea is represented by the firing of IT ne ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
... Thalamocortical (TC) neurons of the dorsal thalamus integrate synaptic input from the periphery, neocortex, and brainstem to convey sensory information to the neocortex in an attentionally relevant and state-dependent manner (Steriade and Deschenes, 1984; McCormick, 1992; Steriade et al., 1993; Guid ...
... Thalamocortical (TC) neurons of the dorsal thalamus integrate synaptic input from the periphery, neocortex, and brainstem to convey sensory information to the neocortex in an attentionally relevant and state-dependent manner (Steriade and Deschenes, 1984; McCormick, 1992; Steriade et al., 1993; Guid ...
Kv2 Channels Form Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Channels In Situ
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... The hypothalamus has a unique position in the regulation of the sleep-wakefulness cycle, because it harbors key sleep-active and wakefulness-active neuronal populations, and the master circadian clock that is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The hypothalamic areas, which are active specificall ...
... The hypothalamus has a unique position in the regulation of the sleep-wakefulness cycle, because it harbors key sleep-active and wakefulness-active neuronal populations, and the master circadian clock that is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The hypothalamic areas, which are active specificall ...
Mouse Nerve Growth Factor Prevents Degeneration of Axotomized
... 1986). Prior to use, NGF was passed through a 0.2~pm filter (Uniflo, Schleicher and Schuell, Keene, NH) and stored at 200 &ml in 0.2% acetic acid at - 70°C. NGF was lyophilized and resuspended in acidified cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, see below) immediately prior to the intraventricular injection. Foll ...
... 1986). Prior to use, NGF was passed through a 0.2~pm filter (Uniflo, Schleicher and Schuell, Keene, NH) and stored at 200 &ml in 0.2% acetic acid at - 70°C. NGF was lyophilized and resuspended in acidified cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, see below) immediately prior to the intraventricular injection. Foll ...
neural_networks
... neural network : an organized system of neurons Operate on patterns in very high-dimensional spaces—e.g., many neurons in the neocortex receive 5,000-20,000 excitatory inputs and thus process patterns in 5,000-20,000 dimensions. Each neuron is part of a network that processes information in an even ...
... neural network : an organized system of neurons Operate on patterns in very high-dimensional spaces—e.g., many neurons in the neocortex receive 5,000-20,000 excitatory inputs and thus process patterns in 5,000-20,000 dimensions. Each neuron is part of a network that processes information in an even ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.