Balanced Excitatory and Inhibitory Inputs to Cortical Neurons
... Koch, 1993; Holt et al., 1996; Shadlen and Newsome, 1998), which is often represented as Poisson-like spike trains. Background synaptic input with balanced excitation and inhibition has been suggested to generate the irregular firing, although other mechanisms are also possible (Reyes, 2003; Durstew ...
... Koch, 1993; Holt et al., 1996; Shadlen and Newsome, 1998), which is often represented as Poisson-like spike trains. Background synaptic input with balanced excitation and inhibition has been suggested to generate the irregular firing, although other mechanisms are also possible (Reyes, 2003; Durstew ...
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex
... between the stimuli, we first calculated a measure of population dissimilarity for each pair of versions, which was simply the absolute difference in firing rate elicited by the two versions averaged across the relevant population, in a window of 70 –270 ms after image onset (other time intervals yi ...
... between the stimuli, we first calculated a measure of population dissimilarity for each pair of versions, which was simply the absolute difference in firing rate elicited by the two versions averaged across the relevant population, in a window of 70 –270 ms after image onset (other time intervals yi ...
Biomimetic approaches to the control of underwater walking machines
... central pattern generator (CPG) model of the organization of innate motor systems (Kennedy & Davis 1977; Pearson 1993). The basis of this model is that the locomotory movements of different limbs are controlled by segmental CPGs resident in the spinal cord or ganglionic chain (Sillar et al. 1986; Se ...
... central pattern generator (CPG) model of the organization of innate motor systems (Kennedy & Davis 1977; Pearson 1993). The basis of this model is that the locomotory movements of different limbs are controlled by segmental CPGs resident in the spinal cord or ganglionic chain (Sillar et al. 1986; Se ...
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
... (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral (temporal) sites (Figures 3F, 3G, and S4). Theta oscillations were less regular, lower in amplitude, and more intermittent ...
... (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral (temporal) sites (Figures 3F, 3G, and S4). Theta oscillations were less regular, lower in amplitude, and more intermittent ...
Structure and Function in the Inferior Olivary Nucleus
... Abstract The inferior olivary nucleus is the source of the climbing fibres, one of the two major afferent pathways into the cerebellum. This thesis is concerned with aspects of the cel ...
... Abstract The inferior olivary nucleus is the source of the climbing fibres, one of the two major afferent pathways into the cerebellum. This thesis is concerned with aspects of the cel ...
Oxytocin Influence on the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
... that the data from this study may have much broader behavioral implications, including alterations in affective and cognitive processes. Specifically, we will focus on converging evidence suggesting that oxytocin modulation of NTS function could influence the development of stress and anxiety-like b ...
... that the data from this study may have much broader behavioral implications, including alterations in affective and cognitive processes. Specifically, we will focus on converging evidence suggesting that oxytocin modulation of NTS function could influence the development of stress and anxiety-like b ...
Orcokinin peptides in developing and adult crustacean
... The orcokinins are a family of neuropeptides recently isolated from several crustacean species. We found orcokinin-like immunoreactivity in the stomatogastric nervous systems and pericardial organs of three decapod crustacean species, Homarus americanus, Cancer borealis, and Panulirus interruptus. T ...
... The orcokinins are a family of neuropeptides recently isolated from several crustacean species. We found orcokinin-like immunoreactivity in the stomatogastric nervous systems and pericardial organs of three decapod crustacean species, Homarus americanus, Cancer borealis, and Panulirus interruptus. T ...
Horizontal Synaptic Connections in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex: An In
... Giga-Ohm seals (resistance >2 GΩ) were obtained using the ‘blow and seal’ technique, as described elsewhere (Stuart et al., 1993). The access resistance (Racc) was not compensated and had values between 8 and 25 MΩ. Racc was continuously monitored and recordings were rejected for analysis when Racc ...
... Giga-Ohm seals (resistance >2 GΩ) were obtained using the ‘blow and seal’ technique, as described elsewhere (Stuart et al., 1993). The access resistance (Racc) was not compensated and had values between 8 and 25 MΩ. Racc was continuously monitored and recordings were rejected for analysis when Racc ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... bursts depends on the presence of facilitation/augmentation and is not present in high-release probability, depressing synapses. Instead, depressing synapses are predicted to optimally transmit information for single spikes rather than bursts. Klyachko and Stevens (2006) confirmed this prediction us ...
... bursts depends on the presence of facilitation/augmentation and is not present in high-release probability, depressing synapses. Instead, depressing synapses are predicted to optimally transmit information for single spikes rather than bursts. Klyachko and Stevens (2006) confirmed this prediction us ...
Total Wiring Length Minimization of C. elegans Neural
... not significantly vary from animal to animal. In particular, number of neurons (302) in the hermaphrodite worm is consistent across the individuals [1, 2], and synapses (both chemical synapses and electric gap junctions) are stereotypical with more than 75% reproducibility [3]. This consistency make ...
... not significantly vary from animal to animal. In particular, number of neurons (302) in the hermaphrodite worm is consistent across the individuals [1, 2], and synapses (both chemical synapses and electric gap junctions) are stereotypical with more than 75% reproducibility [3]. This consistency make ...
- Columbia University Medical Center
... are also expressed by proprioceptive sensory neurons, raising the possibility that cadherins regulate additional steps in the development of sensory-motor circuits. Introduction Many hundreds of neuronal cell types are generated during the development of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS)—a ...
... are also expressed by proprioceptive sensory neurons, raising the possibility that cadherins regulate additional steps in the development of sensory-motor circuits. Introduction Many hundreds of neuronal cell types are generated during the development of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS)—a ...
studying the isolated central nervous system
... important role for metabolic pumps in nerve and muscle activity. The role of the electrogenic sodium pump in nerve and muscle tissues (especially mammalian cardiac muscle) is now more fully appreciated. ...
... important role for metabolic pumps in nerve and muscle activity. The role of the electrogenic sodium pump in nerve and muscle tissues (especially mammalian cardiac muscle) is now more fully appreciated. ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... and a power grip, respectively. The kind of learning that produces mirror neurons (B) occurs when there is correlated (i.e. contiguous and contingent, Table 2) activation of sensory neurons and motor neurons that are each responsive to similar actions. For example, when an adult imitates an infant’s ...
... and a power grip, respectively. The kind of learning that produces mirror neurons (B) occurs when there is correlated (i.e. contiguous and contingent, Table 2) activation of sensory neurons and motor neurons that are each responsive to similar actions. For example, when an adult imitates an infant’s ...
Synaptic Regulation of Action Potential Timing in
... yielding tip resistances of 5– 8 MV. Series resistance (15–30 MV) was monitored throughout the recording, and neurons exhibiting .25% change were rejected. Voltage errors attributable to series resistance and the liquid junction potential were subtracted off-line. In some instances in which the reve ...
... yielding tip resistances of 5– 8 MV. Series resistance (15–30 MV) was monitored throughout the recording, and neurons exhibiting .25% change were rejected. Voltage errors attributable to series resistance and the liquid junction potential were subtracted off-line. In some instances in which the reve ...
Hikosaka O - lsr
... than sensory information is to measure the response of habenula neurons to sensory stimuli that initially have no motivational value for the animal but that are subsequently conditioned using rewarding or aversive stimuli. In Pavlovian conditioning, such sensory stimuli are called conditioned stimul ...
... than sensory information is to measure the response of habenula neurons to sensory stimuli that initially have no motivational value for the animal but that are subsequently conditioned using rewarding or aversive stimuli. In Pavlovian conditioning, such sensory stimuli are called conditioned stimul ...
Chemosensory Convergence on Primary Olfactory Cortex
... taste delivery by 10 s, and tastes followed rinse by an interval of between 5 and 15 s (randomly selected). Stimuli were selected randomly on each trial. A session consisted of a single block of 5–20 repetitions per stimulus, depending on the animal’s attentiveness. Odor stimuli used were saturated ...
... taste delivery by 10 s, and tastes followed rinse by an interval of between 5 and 15 s (randomly selected). Stimuli were selected randomly on each trial. A session consisted of a single block of 5–20 repetitions per stimulus, depending on the animal’s attentiveness. Odor stimuli used were saturated ...
Dopamine is produced in the rat spinal cord and regulates
... Immediately after removal of isoflurane, rats were lightly anesthetized with urethane (1.2 g/kg in naïve rats and 0.8 g/kg in SCI rats, i.p.) (Yoshiyama et al., 2013) and placed in a restraining cage (KN-326, Natsume). The bladder catheter was connected to a pressure transducer (Transbridge, WPI) and ...
... Immediately after removal of isoflurane, rats were lightly anesthetized with urethane (1.2 g/kg in naïve rats and 0.8 g/kg in SCI rats, i.p.) (Yoshiyama et al., 2013) and placed in a restraining cage (KN-326, Natsume). The bladder catheter was connected to a pressure transducer (Transbridge, WPI) and ...
MAY 5, 2000 Submitted to the Annual Review of Neuroscience AN
... inhibitory interactions. Voluntary shifts of attention result from the influence of excitatory topdown signals representing the to-be-attended features of the scene. These bias the competition among neurons representing the scene, increasing the activity of neurons representing the to-beattended fe ...
... inhibitory interactions. Voluntary shifts of attention result from the influence of excitatory topdown signals representing the to-be-attended features of the scene. These bias the competition among neurons representing the scene, increasing the activity of neurons representing the to-beattended fe ...
Neurodegenerative Changes in the Motor Cortex and Cerebellum in Wistar... Following Acute Pneumococcal Meningitis
... function and cerebellar cortex concerned with motor function, equilibrium and balance. Neuronal damage was very severe in both the regions. In the case of cerebral cortex there was 60-70% neuronal loss was documented. Further the surviving neurons in the meningitis brain decreased in their size as w ...
... function and cerebellar cortex concerned with motor function, equilibrium and balance. Neuronal damage was very severe in both the regions. In the case of cerebral cortex there was 60-70% neuronal loss was documented. Further the surviving neurons in the meningitis brain decreased in their size as w ...
Glycine Immunoreactivity of Multipolar Neurons in the Ventral
... and Young, 1980; Young et al., 1988). These local circuits, however, do not account for all of the response properties of DCN neurons. For example, type II units of the DCN are relatively unresponsive to broadband stimuli even when the stimuli contain energy within the excitatory response area of th ...
... and Young, 1980; Young et al., 1988). These local circuits, however, do not account for all of the response properties of DCN neurons. For example, type II units of the DCN are relatively unresponsive to broadband stimuli even when the stimuli contain energy within the excitatory response area of th ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... neurons in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus of the unanesthetized rabbit. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 1097–1113, 1999. The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a major auditory nucleus that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus. Despite its prominence, the responses ...
... neurons in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus of the unanesthetized rabbit. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 1097–1113, 1999. The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a major auditory nucleus that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus. Despite its prominence, the responses ...
A Critical Review of the Role of the Proposed VMpo Nucleus in Pain
... Projection of Lamina I STT Cells to the Proposed VMpo Nucleus Recordings were made by Dostrovsky and Craig48 from a sample of 27 monkey lamina I STT cells that were antidromically activated from the region of what Craig and colleagues regard as the VMpo nucleus (Fig 3A). Of these, 20 were classified ...
... Projection of Lamina I STT Cells to the Proposed VMpo Nucleus Recordings were made by Dostrovsky and Craig48 from a sample of 27 monkey lamina I STT cells that were antidromically activated from the region of what Craig and colleagues regard as the VMpo nucleus (Fig 3A). Of these, 20 were classified ...
Chapter 5 - Wake Forest University
... • When an excitatory amino acid is injected through a cannula (a small metal tube) into a region of the brain, the chemical destroys neural cell bodies in the vicinity but spares axons that belong to different neurons that happen to pass nearby. • This selectivity permits the investigator to determi ...
... • When an excitatory amino acid is injected through a cannula (a small metal tube) into a region of the brain, the chemical destroys neural cell bodies in the vicinity but spares axons that belong to different neurons that happen to pass nearby. • This selectivity permits the investigator to determi ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.