Modulation of early cortical processing during divided attention to
... called into question, on the basis that their results can be explained by a unitary attentional spotlight that simply switches very rapidly between to-be-attended locations (e.g. Jans et al., 2010; VanRullen & Dubois, 2011). Correlates of such a periodic sampling of attention have been observed in e ...
... called into question, on the basis that their results can be explained by a unitary attentional spotlight that simply switches very rapidly between to-be-attended locations (e.g. Jans et al., 2010; VanRullen & Dubois, 2011). Correlates of such a periodic sampling of attention have been observed in e ...
Cerebellar fastigial nucleus: from anatomic construction to
... Two major types of afferents of the cerebellar circuitry [20, 22], the climbing fibers from the caudal half of the medial and dorsal accessory subdivisions of the inferior olive [20, 22, 25] and the mossy fibers from the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, the medullary reticular formation, and the ...
... Two major types of afferents of the cerebellar circuitry [20, 22], the climbing fibers from the caudal half of the medial and dorsal accessory subdivisions of the inferior olive [20, 22, 25] and the mossy fibers from the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, the medullary reticular formation, and the ...
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
... (Fig. 2); in addition, immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that many POMC cell bodies are contacted by terminals containing both GABA and NPY37. In addition to characterization of leptin action, this preparation was also used to demonstrate that MC3R is an inhibitory autoreceptor on the POMC circ ...
... (Fig. 2); in addition, immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that many POMC cell bodies are contacted by terminals containing both GABA and NPY37. In addition to characterization of leptin action, this preparation was also used to demonstrate that MC3R is an inhibitory autoreceptor on the POMC circ ...
Repetition suppression - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... behaviours that we execute. However, the means by which the brain uses neural activity to encode and translate information into complex cognitive processes remains one of the most important challenges for contemporary neuroscience. Over the last few decades, large-scale electrophysiological recordin ...
... behaviours that we execute. However, the means by which the brain uses neural activity to encode and translate information into complex cognitive processes remains one of the most important challenges for contemporary neuroscience. Over the last few decades, large-scale electrophysiological recordin ...
Full PDF
... inputs; the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synaptic contacts is ⬃10:1, which is unprecedented in the CNS (71). This pattern of synaptic organization, which results in noise assuming the characteristics of signal, allows hypocretinergic neurons to be easily activated, leading to rapid arousal (71) ...
... inputs; the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synaptic contacts is ⬃10:1, which is unprecedented in the CNS (71). This pattern of synaptic organization, which results in noise assuming the characteristics of signal, allows hypocretinergic neurons to be easily activated, leading to rapid arousal (71) ...
Local functions for FMRP in axon growth cone motility and activity
... The morphologic appearance of dendritic surface protrusions, in wild-type and FMR1 knockout neurons, was visualized using high resolution immunofluorescence and 3D reconstruction. In one approach, WT and FMR1 KO neurons were triple stained with phalloidin, synapsin and FMRP (Fig. 1). In the second s ...
... The morphologic appearance of dendritic surface protrusions, in wild-type and FMR1 knockout neurons, was visualized using high resolution immunofluorescence and 3D reconstruction. In one approach, WT and FMR1 KO neurons were triple stained with phalloidin, synapsin and FMRP (Fig. 1). In the second s ...
Electrical Interactions via the Extracellular Potential Near Cell Bodies
... Abstract. Ephaptic interactions between a neuron and axons or dendrites passing by its cell body can be, in principle, more significant than ephaptic interactions among axons in a fiber tract. Extracellular action potentials outside axons are small in amplitude and spatially spread out, while they a ...
... Abstract. Ephaptic interactions between a neuron and axons or dendrites passing by its cell body can be, in principle, more significant than ephaptic interactions among axons in a fiber tract. Extracellular action potentials outside axons are small in amplitude and spatially spread out, while they a ...
A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real
... from now on act together towards the fulfillment of a particular behavioral task. Previously, we have reported that specific motor11,12 and sensory parameters13,14 can be extracted from populations of cortical neurons using linear or nonlinear decoders in real-time. Here, we tested the hypothesis th ...
... from now on act together towards the fulfillment of a particular behavioral task. Previously, we have reported that specific motor11,12 and sensory parameters13,14 can be extracted from populations of cortical neurons using linear or nonlinear decoders in real-time. Here, we tested the hypothesis th ...
Sleep Spindles as Facilitators of Memory Formation and Learning
... Sleep spindles are waxing and waning 7–14 Hz EEG rhythms that occur during various stages of non-REM sleep (Figure 1(a)). They are generated in the thalamus through alternating excitation of relay cells and reticular neurons (Figure 1(b)). Spindles are propagated from thalamus to the cortex by thala ...
... Sleep spindles are waxing and waning 7–14 Hz EEG rhythms that occur during various stages of non-REM sleep (Figure 1(a)). They are generated in the thalamus through alternating excitation of relay cells and reticular neurons (Figure 1(b)). Spindles are propagated from thalamus to the cortex by thala ...
CCNBook/Neuron
... being important, which will vary depending on the scientific questions being addressed with the model. The approach taken for the models in this book is to find some kind of happy (or unhappy) middle ground between biological detail and cognitive functionality. This middle ground is unhappy to the e ...
... being important, which will vary depending on the scientific questions being addressed with the model. The approach taken for the models in this book is to find some kind of happy (or unhappy) middle ground between biological detail and cognitive functionality. This middle ground is unhappy to the e ...
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish
... 1985, 1986; Metcalfe et al., 1990). Despite this wealth of information about central neurons, their relationship to the early locomotor behaviors is unclear, in part because the development of embryonic behaviors has yet to be characterized in detail. An additional complication in relating neural pr ...
... 1985, 1986; Metcalfe et al., 1990). Despite this wealth of information about central neurons, their relationship to the early locomotor behaviors is unclear, in part because the development of embryonic behaviors has yet to be characterized in detail. An additional complication in relating neural pr ...
The precision of value-based choices depends causally on
... specificity of the tACS effects for value-based (but not perceptual) choices (b ¼ 0.11±0.043, P ¼ 0.02; Fig. 2a,b). None of these effects were influenced by the hunger level of the participants or by the other, choice-irrelevant type of evidence (Supplementary Table 1). Moreover, inspection of the dat ...
... specificity of the tACS effects for value-based (but not perceptual) choices (b ¼ 0.11±0.043, P ¼ 0.02; Fig. 2a,b). None of these effects were influenced by the hunger level of the participants or by the other, choice-irrelevant type of evidence (Supplementary Table 1). Moreover, inspection of the dat ...
c-Jun Expression in Adult Rat Dorsal Root
... counted; neurons were considered as c-Jun-positive if their nuclei exhibited brown c-Jun immunostaining and were considered c-Jun-negative if the staining within the nuclei was at background levels. The mean numbers of c-Jun-positive neurons were calculated in each group, and a one-way ANOVA was per ...
... counted; neurons were considered as c-Jun-positive if their nuclei exhibited brown c-Jun immunostaining and were considered c-Jun-negative if the staining within the nuclei was at background levels. The mean numbers of c-Jun-positive neurons were calculated in each group, and a one-way ANOVA was per ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... We assume that cues in the environment activate internal representations within the PFC that can select the appropriate action. This is important when the course of action is uncertain, and especially if one of the alternatives is stronger (i.e. more habitual or more salient) but produces the incorr ...
... We assume that cues in the environment activate internal representations within the PFC that can select the appropriate action. This is important when the course of action is uncertain, and especially if one of the alternatives is stronger (i.e. more habitual or more salient) but produces the incorr ...
Ectopic Expression of the Neuropeptide Pigment
... and continues to be expressed (Robinow and White, 1988). It encodes a neural-specific RNA binding protein that is critically involved in neuronal development as well as neuronal maintenance (Yao et al., 1992). Therefore, the ELAV protein is detected in virtually all neurons of the central and periph ...
... and continues to be expressed (Robinow and White, 1988). It encodes a neural-specific RNA binding protein that is critically involved in neuronal development as well as neuronal maintenance (Yao et al., 1992). Therefore, the ELAV protein is detected in virtually all neurons of the central and periph ...
An Integrative Theory on Prefrontal Cortex Function
... We assume that cues in the environment activate internal representations within the PFC that can select the appropriate action. This is important when the course of action is uncertain, and especially if one of the alternatives is stronger (i.e. more habitual or more salient) but produces the incorr ...
... We assume that cues in the environment activate internal representations within the PFC that can select the appropriate action. This is important when the course of action is uncertain, and especially if one of the alternatives is stronger (i.e. more habitual or more salient) but produces the incorr ...
Fig. 1
... transferred to nitrocellulose membranes in the presence of 20% methanol and 0.1% SDS, and non-specific signals were blocked incubating with 5% BSA in PBS and 0.1% Tween-20 (PBS-T) and then probed with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C. The primary antibodies were Hsp90 α/β, βIII-tubulin, Hsp70, GS ...
... transferred to nitrocellulose membranes in the presence of 20% methanol and 0.1% SDS, and non-specific signals were blocked incubating with 5% BSA in PBS and 0.1% Tween-20 (PBS-T) and then probed with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C. The primary antibodies were Hsp90 α/β, βIII-tubulin, Hsp70, GS ...
Basal Ganglia - Adaptive Behaviour Research Group
... Simulation of asymmetric interconnectivity generated slow travelling waves of activity (where normal symmetric configurations produce stationary activity patterns), suggesting that a similar abnormal network dynamic may underlie the sudden involuntary movements seen in Huntington's patients. Apart f ...
... Simulation of asymmetric interconnectivity generated slow travelling waves of activity (where normal symmetric configurations produce stationary activity patterns), suggesting that a similar abnormal network dynamic may underlie the sudden involuntary movements seen in Huntington's patients. Apart f ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... which in turn causes an increase in the amount of glutamate released by the sensory cell (Brunelli et al., 1976). Hence, the synaptic connection between the sensory and motor cells is strengthened and results in a more powerful withdrawal reflex. Pairing the tactile stimulus and the tail shock, hen ...
... which in turn causes an increase in the amount of glutamate released by the sensory cell (Brunelli et al., 1976). Hence, the synaptic connection between the sensory and motor cells is strengthened and results in a more powerful withdrawal reflex. Pairing the tactile stimulus and the tail shock, hen ...
D2 receptor overexpression in the striatum leads to a deficit in
... (D2Rs) in the striatum and another is a decrease in the GABAergic function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Whether these two defects are functionally linked is not known. We previously reported that selective overexpression of D2Rs in the striatum of the mouse causes behavioral abnormality associate ...
... (D2Rs) in the striatum and another is a decrease in the GABAergic function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Whether these two defects are functionally linked is not known. We previously reported that selective overexpression of D2Rs in the striatum of the mouse causes behavioral abnormality associate ...
Structure of Receptive Fields in Area 3b of Primary Somatosensory
... determines the neuronal response to complex spatial patterns scanned across the skin. Several lines of evidence suggest that the neural signals that underlie the perception of tactile form and texture on the glabrous skin of the primate fingerpad are conveyed initially by the population of slowly ad ...
... determines the neuronal response to complex spatial patterns scanned across the skin. Several lines of evidence suggest that the neural signals that underlie the perception of tactile form and texture on the glabrous skin of the primate fingerpad are conveyed initially by the population of slowly ad ...
Csercsa Richárd
... functional significance. Neural elements and processes related to sleep may give us a clue for its functions. Unfortunately, the neural mechanisms underlying the generation, maintenance, and termination of sleep are still not clear. Theories and the current conceptions of these mechanisms are descri ...
... functional significance. Neural elements and processes related to sleep may give us a clue for its functions. Unfortunately, the neural mechanisms underlying the generation, maintenance, and termination of sleep are still not clear. Theories and the current conceptions of these mechanisms are descri ...
Encoding and decoding in fMRI
... Over the past decade fMRI researchers have developed increasingly sensitive techniques for analyzing the information represented in BOLD activity. The most popular of these techniques is linear classification, a simple technique for decoding information about experimental stimuli or tasks from patter ...
... Over the past decade fMRI researchers have developed increasingly sensitive techniques for analyzing the information represented in BOLD activity. The most popular of these techniques is linear classification, a simple technique for decoding information about experimental stimuli or tasks from patter ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.