Frontal Eye Field Sends Delay Activity Related to Movement
... sent from the FEF to the SC contributes to several different functions during saccade generation. Moreover, these results provide the first detailed description of delay activity identified as leaving any part of the prefrontal cortex. We hypothesize that a major, general way in which prefrontal cor ...
... sent from the FEF to the SC contributes to several different functions during saccade generation. Moreover, these results provide the first detailed description of delay activity identified as leaving any part of the prefrontal cortex. We hypothesize that a major, general way in which prefrontal cor ...
Differential effects of nicotine on the activity of substantia nigra and
... LabView (National Instr.). A digital frequency meter was used for calculation of the number of spikes within consecutive time intervals (bins). Spike waveforms were displayed on a PC (pCLAMP software, Axon Instr.). Nicotine was applied through bath perfusion for 3 min, and effects on neuronal firing ...
... LabView (National Instr.). A digital frequency meter was used for calculation of the number of spikes within consecutive time intervals (bins). Spike waveforms were displayed on a PC (pCLAMP software, Axon Instr.). Nicotine was applied through bath perfusion for 3 min, and effects on neuronal firing ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... divisional subtypes which project to ventral and dorsal muscles in the limb, respectively (Landmesser, 1978; Hollyday, 1980a,b; Tosney and Landmesser, 1985a,b). Individual motor columns and divisions can be molecularly defined by the combinatorial expression of LIM homeodomain protein family members ...
... divisional subtypes which project to ventral and dorsal muscles in the limb, respectively (Landmesser, 1978; Hollyday, 1980a,b; Tosney and Landmesser, 1985a,b). Individual motor columns and divisions can be molecularly defined by the combinatorial expression of LIM homeodomain protein family members ...
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VISUAL AREA MT
... and the idea that different visual areas constitute highly specialized representations of visual information. MT has also proven to be a fertile culture dish—full of direction- and disparity-selective neurons— exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying computations of motion and ...
... and the idea that different visual areas constitute highly specialized representations of visual information. MT has also proven to be a fertile culture dish—full of direction- and disparity-selective neurons— exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying computations of motion and ...
Distribution of neurons in functional areas of the mouse cerebral
... (Leingärtner et al., 2007), but it is also of considerable evolutionary and developmental interest. While the expansion of the cerebral cortex in evolution was for a long time considered to result mostly from the lateral addition of cortical columns resulting from increases in the number of precurso ...
... (Leingärtner et al., 2007), but it is also of considerable evolutionary and developmental interest. While the expansion of the cerebral cortex in evolution was for a long time considered to result mostly from the lateral addition of cortical columns resulting from increases in the number of precurso ...
Race modulates neural activity during imitation
... guiding imitative behavior, we expected that neural systems previously associated with imitation (Caspers et al., 2010), would show race effects in the imitation condition of our study. With regard to the second aim, previous cognitive neuroscience studies on race have focused on comparing members o ...
... guiding imitative behavior, we expected that neural systems previously associated with imitation (Caspers et al., 2010), would show race effects in the imitation condition of our study. With regard to the second aim, previous cognitive neuroscience studies on race have focused on comparing members o ...
full text pdf
... have been suggested by the authors to represent sensory nerve terminals of extrinsic origin. Talmage et al. (1997) have performed investigations dealing with the identification of cholinergic neurons in guinea pig SO ganglia, thus complementary to those carried out by Wells et al. (1995). Based on t ...
... have been suggested by the authors to represent sensory nerve terminals of extrinsic origin. Talmage et al. (1997) have performed investigations dealing with the identification of cholinergic neurons in guinea pig SO ganglia, thus complementary to those carried out by Wells et al. (1995). Based on t ...
Hunger Modulates the Responses to Gustatory Stimuli
... 3. This modulation of responsiveness of the gustatory responses of the neurons to satiety was not due to peripheral adaptation in the gustatory system or to altered efficacy of gustatory stimulation after satiety was reached, because modulation of neuronal responsiveness by satiety was not seen at e ...
... 3. This modulation of responsiveness of the gustatory responses of the neurons to satiety was not due to peripheral adaptation in the gustatory system or to altered efficacy of gustatory stimulation after satiety was reached, because modulation of neuronal responsiveness by satiety was not seen at e ...
Integrative neurobiology of energy homeostasis
... shown that lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus lead to hyperphagia and obesity, while lesions of the lateral hypothalamus caused reduced food intake and leanness [5,75]. Later research in the field particularly focused on the mediobasal hypothalamus, and more specifically the arcuate nucleus (ARC ...
... shown that lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus lead to hyperphagia and obesity, while lesions of the lateral hypothalamus caused reduced food intake and leanness [5,75]. Later research in the field particularly focused on the mediobasal hypothalamus, and more specifically the arcuate nucleus (ARC ...
Separating value from choice: delay discounting activity in the lateral
... al., 2004) even though these properties are not instantiated as sensory signals at the level of single trials. These findings have led to the proposal that decision-related activity may represent the subjective value of a specific action (Glimcher et al., 2005). In this framework, LIP activity combi ...
... al., 2004) even though these properties are not instantiated as sensory signals at the level of single trials. These findings have led to the proposal that decision-related activity may represent the subjective value of a specific action (Glimcher et al., 2005). In this framework, LIP activity combi ...
CORTICAL AFFERENT INPUT TO THE PRINCIPALS REGION OF THE RHESUS MONKEY H.
... relative proportion of labeled cells in visual, auditory, somatosensory, premotor and limbic cortical areas projecting to each site. The only site with a significant proportion of projections from visual association areas was the ventral bank of the caudal principalis region (Fig. IB, Z), whereas th ...
... relative proportion of labeled cells in visual, auditory, somatosensory, premotor and limbic cortical areas projecting to each site. The only site with a significant proportion of projections from visual association areas was the ventral bank of the caudal principalis region (Fig. IB, Z), whereas th ...
the primate amygdala and reinforcement: a
... Two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were used in this study and were trained on a visual discrimination task with stimuli that were always rewarded or punished, and on a recognition memory task. They performed these tasks with many hundreds of trials per day, five days a week, for periods of up to 1 ...
... Two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were used in this study and were trained on a visual discrimination task with stimuli that were always rewarded or punished, and on a recognition memory task. They performed these tasks with many hundreds of trials per day, five days a week, for periods of up to 1 ...
Neuron Production, Neuron Number, and Structure Size Are
... 2002). In the avian brain, new neurons arise by division of radial glial cells located along the lining of the ventricles (AlvarezBuylla, Garcia-Verdugo, Mateo, & Merchant-Larios, 1998; Alvarez-Buylla, Theelen, & Nottebohm, 1990). Developing neurons migrate along radial glial processes to their fina ...
... 2002). In the avian brain, new neurons arise by division of radial glial cells located along the lining of the ventricles (AlvarezBuylla, Garcia-Verdugo, Mateo, & Merchant-Larios, 1998; Alvarez-Buylla, Theelen, & Nottebohm, 1990). Developing neurons migrate along radial glial processes to their fina ...
Role of the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia
... the baseline input, c (between 0 and 100%) is the coherence level, and A (60 Hz) and B (20 Hz) are proportionality factors (Wang, 2002). Cortical outputs project to a model SC with two excitatory projection units, SCL and SCR. The decision time is defined as the time interval between the start of ...
... the baseline input, c (between 0 and 100%) is the coherence level, and A (60 Hz) and B (20 Hz) are proportionality factors (Wang, 2002). Cortical outputs project to a model SC with two excitatory projection units, SCL and SCR. The decision time is defined as the time interval between the start of ...
Efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus to the amygdala
... the Pbg to Am might be an element of a third disynaptic connection from the SC to the Am, since this nucleus receives a significant input from the SC (Baleydier and Magnin, 1979; Graybiel, 1978, reviewed in Usunoff et al., 2006). In order to understand whether the neurons of this small nucleus, with ...
... the Pbg to Am might be an element of a third disynaptic connection from the SC to the Am, since this nucleus receives a significant input from the SC (Baleydier and Magnin, 1979; Graybiel, 1978, reviewed in Usunoff et al., 2006). In order to understand whether the neurons of this small nucleus, with ...
Patterning and axon guidance of cranial motor neurons
... in a particular rhombomere, as well as the timing of the onset of the expression and the expression level, dictates segmentation and segment identity at that axial level. The patterns of Hox gene expression in the hindbrain are established, at least in part, by the diffusible action of FGF8 and reti ...
... in a particular rhombomere, as well as the timing of the onset of the expression and the expression level, dictates segmentation and segment identity at that axial level. The patterns of Hox gene expression in the hindbrain are established, at least in part, by the diffusible action of FGF8 and reti ...
Structure and Function of Visual Area MT
... and the idea that different visual areas constitute highly specialized representations of visual information. MT has also proven to be a fertile culture dish—full of direction- and disparity-selective neurons— exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying computations of motion and ...
... and the idea that different visual areas constitute highly specialized representations of visual information. MT has also proven to be a fertile culture dish—full of direction- and disparity-selective neurons— exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying computations of motion and ...
The role of nitric oxide in the hypothalamic control of LHRH and
... and arcuate nuclei. The staining techniques have revealed NOS activity in the neuronal perikarya and processes, indicating that NO produced in the neuron may be released by the entire cell surface, including the neurosecretory terminals of the hypothalamic neurosecretory pathways [71]. Indeed, occur ...
... and arcuate nuclei. The staining techniques have revealed NOS activity in the neuronal perikarya and processes, indicating that NO produced in the neuron may be released by the entire cell surface, including the neurosecretory terminals of the hypothalamic neurosecretory pathways [71]. Indeed, occur ...
Rules relating connections to cortical structure in primate prefrontal cortex H. Barbas
... diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette’s syndrome (for reviews see [20,24]), their pathology is likely to disrupt a massive feedback system to the neuraxis. This would essentially change the ubiquitous bidirectional mode of neural ...
... diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette’s syndrome (for reviews see [20,24]), their pathology is likely to disrupt a massive feedback system to the neuraxis. This would essentially change the ubiquitous bidirectional mode of neural ...
Temporal fate specification and neural progenitor competence
... The roles of the later candidate temporal-identity factors Pdm and Cas have been characterized in multiple neuroblast lineages, with different results in each lineage tested. In the NB7‑1 lineage (FIG. 1b), Pdm is necessary and sufficient to specify the U4 motor neuron fate, and Pdm and Cas together ...
... The roles of the later candidate temporal-identity factors Pdm and Cas have been characterized in multiple neuroblast lineages, with different results in each lineage tested. In the NB7‑1 lineage (FIG. 1b), Pdm is necessary and sufficient to specify the U4 motor neuron fate, and Pdm and Cas together ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Input to Pyramidal Neurons in
... neurons, in an animal previously treated with in utero electroporation of ChR2-mVenus into L2/3 pyramidal neurons. B, Schematic of experiment comparing upper and lower L5B neurons. Red dots represent retrogradely labeled PT-type neurons. Green triangles represent ChR2-expressing L2/3 pyramidal neuro ...
... neurons, in an animal previously treated with in utero electroporation of ChR2-mVenus into L2/3 pyramidal neurons. B, Schematic of experiment comparing upper and lower L5B neurons. Red dots represent retrogradely labeled PT-type neurons. Green triangles represent ChR2-expressing L2/3 pyramidal neuro ...
The neural subjective frame: from bodily signals to perceptual
... seem to imply that the first-person perspective inherent to conscious perceptual experience would arise somehow from externally triggered signals. However, the first-person perspective does exist even in the absence of sensory stimulation, and should pre-exist perceptual experience: there cannot be ...
... seem to imply that the first-person perspective inherent to conscious perceptual experience would arise somehow from externally triggered signals. However, the first-person perspective does exist even in the absence of sensory stimulation, and should pre-exist perceptual experience: there cannot be ...
A Hebbian learning rule gives rise to mirror neurons and links them
... inputs. For example, the development of the mirror neuron system depends on sensorimotor experience (Catmur, 2012) and, the successful development of birdsong depends on intact HVC and LMAN activity during sensory exposure (Basham et al., 1996; Roberts et al., 2012). We have learned much about the i ...
... inputs. For example, the development of the mirror neuron system depends on sensorimotor experience (Catmur, 2012) and, the successful development of birdsong depends on intact HVC and LMAN activity during sensory exposure (Basham et al., 1996; Roberts et al., 2012). We have learned much about the i ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.