Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... specificity, but not in no-reward trials. Six neurons showed activations during the delay period only in no-reward trials without showing activation in any reward trials. Five neurons showed nature-of-reward specificity showing anticipatory activity changes during the delay period only before obtain ...
... specificity, but not in no-reward trials. Six neurons showed activations during the delay period only in no-reward trials without showing activation in any reward trials. Five neurons showed nature-of-reward specificity showing anticipatory activity changes during the delay period only before obtain ...
An Imperfect Dopaminergic Error Signal Can Drive Temporal
... in Methods. The network interacts with an environment, which is implemented purely algorithmically for the purpose of this work. The input layer of the neural network represents the cortex; it encodes information about ns states, each represented by a population of Ns neurons. The environment stimul ...
... in Methods. The network interacts with an environment, which is implemented purely algorithmically for the purpose of this work. The input layer of the neural network represents the cortex; it encodes information about ns states, each represented by a population of Ns neurons. The environment stimul ...
Towards the integration of neural mechanisms and cognition in
... neural circuits and the robot; it is the control interface and it implements how the neural activity is translated in actuation. The Neural lattice layer is the brain model and it is fairly composed by at least two sublayers: the neural circuits and the cognition. The neural circuits layer contains ...
... neural circuits and the robot; it is the control interface and it implements how the neural activity is translated in actuation. The Neural lattice layer is the brain model and it is fairly composed by at least two sublayers: the neural circuits and the cognition. The neural circuits layer contains ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. FXS patients display several behavioral phenotypes associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction. Voltage-gated ion channels, some of which are regulated by FMRP, heavily influence PFC neuron function. Although there is evidence for brain region-sp ...
... mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. FXS patients display several behavioral phenotypes associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction. Voltage-gated ion channels, some of which are regulated by FMRP, heavily influence PFC neuron function. Although there is evidence for brain region-sp ...
Tau pathology does not affect experience-driven single
... neurodegenerative diseases – are considered a major target for drug development. Tangle load correlates well with the severity of cognitive symptoms and mouse models of tauopathy are behaviorally impaired. However, there is little evidence that NFTs directly impact physiological properties of host n ...
... neurodegenerative diseases – are considered a major target for drug development. Tangle load correlates well with the severity of cognitive symptoms and mouse models of tauopathy are behaviorally impaired. However, there is little evidence that NFTs directly impact physiological properties of host n ...
Emerging roles of Axin in cerebral cortical development
... function in neuronal migration probably through the regulation of GSK3 signaling (Fang et al., 2013). A recent study using mutant mice lacking both GSK3α and GSK3β confirms the in vivo role of GSK3 signaling in neuronal migration (MorganSmith et al., 2014). Conditional Gsk3 deletion in cortical neur ...
... function in neuronal migration probably through the regulation of GSK3 signaling (Fang et al., 2013). A recent study using mutant mice lacking both GSK3α and GSK3β confirms the in vivo role of GSK3 signaling in neuronal migration (MorganSmith et al., 2014). Conditional Gsk3 deletion in cortical neur ...
The effect of learning on the face selective responses of neurons in
... occur in a population of neurons when that population stores new information. In this study, we investigated whether individual neurons in this region alter the degree to which they respond to different stimuli when the set of stimuli starts as novel and is repeated until it becomes familiar. This m ...
... occur in a population of neurons when that population stores new information. In this study, we investigated whether individual neurons in this region alter the degree to which they respond to different stimuli when the set of stimuli starts as novel and is repeated until it becomes familiar. This m ...
Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain
... consensus exists as to which is best from a computational perspective (Kaelbling et al., 1996). The brain may implement both approaches and trade off control between them (Daw, Niv, & Dayan, 2005, 2006), as discussed in more detail below. Value Functions The credit-assignment problem is a key proble ...
... consensus exists as to which is best from a computational perspective (Kaelbling et al., 1996). The brain may implement both approaches and trade off control between them (Daw, Niv, & Dayan, 2005, 2006), as discussed in more detail below. Value Functions The credit-assignment problem is a key proble ...
Current BCI Platforms
... shown to be stable and effective implants for the treatment of chronic pain (9)Long-term subdural electrode monitoring for seizure identification and abortion has also been shown to be stable ...
... shown to be stable and effective implants for the treatment of chronic pain (9)Long-term subdural electrode monitoring for seizure identification and abortion has also been shown to be stable ...
Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Rat Parabrachial Region: Ultrastructural
... axons with TH-I were found within groups of other labeled and unlabeled axons and terminals (Figs. 2C, 4A, 5c). At least 2 types of TH-I terminals were morphologically distinguishable. These 2 types are described separately as they appear in micrographs of single sections; however, they may represen ...
... axons with TH-I were found within groups of other labeled and unlabeled axons and terminals (Figs. 2C, 4A, 5c). At least 2 types of TH-I terminals were morphologically distinguishable. These 2 types are described separately as they appear in micrographs of single sections; however, they may represen ...
ACETYLOCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE NUCLEI OF THE
... a great similarity of AChE activity in homologous structures oi the brain in various species. As butyrylocholinesterase activity in the amygdaloid complex is rather weak it seems highly probable that the positive reaction obtained here by means of the acetylothiocholine iodide methcd is virtually du ...
... a great similarity of AChE activity in homologous structures oi the brain in various species. As butyrylocholinesterase activity in the amygdaloid complex is rather weak it seems highly probable that the positive reaction obtained here by means of the acetylothiocholine iodide methcd is virtually du ...
segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear
... increasing frequency. We have observed this phenomenon both with spike detectors which measure the time of occurrence of the action potential peak and the time at which a fixed voltage level is crossed. Tests with artificial spikes and mathematical simulations show that peak time detection is much l ...
... increasing frequency. We have observed this phenomenon both with spike detectors which measure the time of occurrence of the action potential peak and the time at which a fixed voltage level is crossed. Tests with artificial spikes and mathematical simulations show that peak time detection is much l ...
Spatiotemporal Properties of Eye Position Signals
... showed persistent activity that was modulated as a function of eye position (Schlag-Rey and Schlag 1984; Wyder and others 2003). For oculomotor control, it is widely accepted that command of eye position is computed by the brainstem circuitry called ‘‘velocity-to-position integrator’’ that calculate ...
... showed persistent activity that was modulated as a function of eye position (Schlag-Rey and Schlag 1984; Wyder and others 2003). For oculomotor control, it is widely accepted that command of eye position is computed by the brainstem circuitry called ‘‘velocity-to-position integrator’’ that calculate ...
Neuroanatomy and function of brain structures involved in the
... a pituitary autograft without hypothalamic connections can maintain the pseudopregnancy and corpora lutea. He postulated the existence of a hypothalamic factor which is released into the portal blood and inhibits the PRL secretion. Soon it was realized that this inhibiting factor is dopamine (DA). D ...
... a pituitary autograft without hypothalamic connections can maintain the pseudopregnancy and corpora lutea. He postulated the existence of a hypothalamic factor which is released into the portal blood and inhibits the PRL secretion. Soon it was realized that this inhibiting factor is dopamine (DA). D ...
Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of
... about the motion direction based on the evidence acquired during motion viewing. Those neurons that predicted the monkey’s subsequent eye movement during motion viewing may therefore divulge properties of the decision process itself, the linkage between sensory processing and saccade planning. A neu ...
... about the motion direction based on the evidence acquired during motion viewing. Those neurons that predicted the monkey’s subsequent eye movement during motion viewing may therefore divulge properties of the decision process itself, the linkage between sensory processing and saccade planning. A neu ...
Convergence in Mammalian Nucleus of Solitary Tract During
... 1980). Neural activity was monitored with a preamplifier, oscilloscope, and audio amplifier and recorded on tape with voice cues for subsequent analysis. Single neuron recordings were identified during experiments by examining the superimposition of successive action potentials within a spike train ...
... 1980). Neural activity was monitored with a preamplifier, oscilloscope, and audio amplifier and recorded on tape with voice cues for subsequent analysis. Single neuron recordings were identified during experiments by examining the superimposition of successive action potentials within a spike train ...
Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher
... Most individual odor stimuli activate multiple odorant receptors and thus multiple types of olfactory receptor neurons. All the olfactory receptor neurons that express the same odorant receptor project to the same glomerulus in the brain, and so most individual stimuli are encoded by the combined ac ...
... Most individual odor stimuli activate multiple odorant receptors and thus multiple types of olfactory receptor neurons. All the olfactory receptor neurons that express the same odorant receptor project to the same glomerulus in the brain, and so most individual stimuli are encoded by the combined ac ...
Interplay of environmental signals and progenitor diversity on fate
... Parvalbumin– and somatostatin-expressing interneurons are the two most abundant classes of cortical interneurons with non-overlapping molecular identities and relatively large cell bodies (>20µm; DeFelipe, 1993, 1997; Kawaguchi and Kondo, 2002). GABAergic interneurons expressing PV make up ∼40% of a ...
... Parvalbumin– and somatostatin-expressing interneurons are the two most abundant classes of cortical interneurons with non-overlapping molecular identities and relatively large cell bodies (>20µm; DeFelipe, 1993, 1997; Kawaguchi and Kondo, 2002). GABAergic interneurons expressing PV make up ∼40% of a ...
Applying Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation to the Study of Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity in Neural Networks
... It has been seen clinically that tACS applied at the resting frequency of a neural system causes an increase in synaptic weights and synchrony between the neurons: an effect that remains for approximately an hour after tACS ceases [1]. If the effects of tACS could be made to be semi-permanent it has ...
... It has been seen clinically that tACS applied at the resting frequency of a neural system causes an increase in synaptic weights and synchrony between the neurons: an effect that remains for approximately an hour after tACS ceases [1]. If the effects of tACS could be made to be semi-permanent it has ...
Mirror Neurons Responding to Observation of Actions Made with
... responded also when the monkey broke a small piece of food with the hand (C) or the mouth (D). Note that the intensity of neuron discharge during monkey breaking action is lower than that during action observation, probably because the breaking action made by the monkey is more prolonged in time. Fi ...
... responded also when the monkey broke a small piece of food with the hand (C) or the mouth (D). Note that the intensity of neuron discharge during monkey breaking action is lower than that during action observation, probably because the breaking action made by the monkey is more prolonged in time. Fi ...
Contextual Modulation of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons
... performed on the unaveraged raw data for each of our three saccade types to identify best-fit planes that described the movement fields. In a previous description of the terminal saccade data presented here (Handel and Glimcher 1999a), we showed that these planes described nigral response fields at ...
... performed on the unaveraged raw data for each of our three saccade types to identify best-fit planes that described the movement fields. In a previous description of the terminal saccade data presented here (Handel and Glimcher 1999a), we showed that these planes described nigral response fields at ...
Implications of Polychronous Neuronal Groups for the Nature of Mental Representations
... it is important to understand how they are generated and propagated. An individual neuron remains at its resting potential until it receives, or “observes”, a sufficient number of spikes in a short enough period of time, at which point this coincident input causes the neuron to generate an action po ...
... it is important to understand how they are generated and propagated. An individual neuron remains at its resting potential until it receives, or “observes”, a sufficient number of spikes in a short enough period of time, at which point this coincident input causes the neuron to generate an action po ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.