brain computer interaction elg5121 (multimedia communication)
... Although the waves are still detectable, it is hard to determine the area of the brain or the neuron that created the signal Examples: ...
... Although the waves are still detectable, it is hard to determine the area of the brain or the neuron that created the signal Examples: ...
Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep
... Nambu et al. 1999). Because of the location of the hypocretin neurons in a region that has been implicated in feeding, this neuropeptide was initially thought to regulate appetite and energy metabolism (Sakurai et al. 1998). Application of hypocretin stimulates feeding (Dube et al. 1999; Sweet et al ...
... Nambu et al. 1999). Because of the location of the hypocretin neurons in a region that has been implicated in feeding, this neuropeptide was initially thought to regulate appetite and energy metabolism (Sakurai et al. 1998). Application of hypocretin stimulates feeding (Dube et al. 1999; Sweet et al ...
Grid Cell Mechanisms and Function: Contributions of Michael E. Hasselmo*
... different persistent firing neurons causes spiking in a grid cell only when the persistent firing neurons are within similar phase ranges. This model effectively simulates the two-dimensional firing of grid cells in open field environments, as well as the properties of theta phase precession. This m ...
... different persistent firing neurons causes spiking in a grid cell only when the persistent firing neurons are within similar phase ranges. This model effectively simulates the two-dimensional firing of grid cells in open field environments, as well as the properties of theta phase precession. This m ...
Vesicular glutamate transporter 3
... in the rat midbrain raphe nuclei, such as the dorsal (DR) and median raphe nuclei (MnR). In the present study, to investigate the precise distribution of VGLUT3-expressing nonserotonergic neurons in the DR and MnR, we performed double fluorescence in situ hybridization for VGLUT3 and tryptophan hydro ...
... in the rat midbrain raphe nuclei, such as the dorsal (DR) and median raphe nuclei (MnR). In the present study, to investigate the precise distribution of VGLUT3-expressing nonserotonergic neurons in the DR and MnR, we performed double fluorescence in situ hybridization for VGLUT3 and tryptophan hydro ...
Human Feature Extraction – The Role of the Articulatory Rhythm
... The functionality of a single neuron, i.e. the relation between its input and output, is well modelled by the physical relations based on the flow of ions [30]. Due to the electrical potential within a neuron, generated by the ion flow, a neuron can be set to a ‘state’, where it emits a train of ele ...
... The functionality of a single neuron, i.e. the relation between its input and output, is well modelled by the physical relations based on the flow of ions [30]. Due to the electrical potential within a neuron, generated by the ion flow, a neuron can be set to a ‘state’, where it emits a train of ele ...
A perceptual representation in the frontal eye field during covert
... were detected by using a computer algorithm that searched for elevated eye velocity (> 20 ⁄ s). Saccade initiations and terminations then were defined as the beginnings and ends of the monotonic changes in eye position that lasted for at least 10 ms. A lever turn was defined as a turn > 15 from vert ...
... were detected by using a computer algorithm that searched for elevated eye velocity (> 20 ⁄ s). Saccade initiations and terminations then were defined as the beginnings and ends of the monotonic changes in eye position that lasted for at least 10 ms. A lever turn was defined as a turn > 15 from vert ...
microcircuits in the striatum striatal cell types and their
... level. Because of the spiny neuron’s numerous axon collaterals, the striatum has historically been viewed as a lateral inhibitory network, where cortical inputs compete at the striatal level for control of basal ganglia output. However, electrophysiological evidence for the existence of the recurren ...
... level. Because of the spiny neuron’s numerous axon collaterals, the striatum has historically been viewed as a lateral inhibitory network, where cortical inputs compete at the striatal level for control of basal ganglia output. However, electrophysiological evidence for the existence of the recurren ...
The columnar organization of the neocortex
... neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities ...
... neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities ...
Formation of Neuronal Pathways in the lmaginal Discs of Drosophila
... are now located at the very tip of the leg and the two pathways formed by their axons run side by side along the length of the leg down to the base. A4 joins the anterior pathway at the level of the second tarsal segment, and P2 joins the posterior pathway at the level of the tibia segment. At this ...
... are now located at the very tip of the leg and the two pathways formed by their axons run side by side along the length of the leg down to the base. A4 joins the anterior pathway at the level of the second tarsal segment, and P2 joins the posterior pathway at the level of the tibia segment. At this ...
Neuropeptide-Mediated Facilitation and Inhibition of Sensory Inputs
... Ascending inputs and reflex responses were monitored by making intracellular recordings from motor neurons and extracellular recordings from ventral roots in the rostral pool. The tachykinin neuropeptide substance P, which has previously been shown to potentiate sensory input at the cellular and syn ...
... Ascending inputs and reflex responses were monitored by making intracellular recordings from motor neurons and extracellular recordings from ventral roots in the rostral pool. The tachykinin neuropeptide substance P, which has previously been shown to potentiate sensory input at the cellular and syn ...
Auditory Cortical Neurons are Sensitive to Static and Continuously
... 1. The interaural-phase-difference (IPD) sensitivity of single neurons in the primary auditory (AI) cortex of the anesthetized cat was studied at stimulus frequencies ranging from 120 to 2,500 Hz. Best frequencies of the 43 AI cells sensitive to IPD ranged from 190 to 2,400 Hz. 2. A static IPD was p ...
... 1. The interaural-phase-difference (IPD) sensitivity of single neurons in the primary auditory (AI) cortex of the anesthetized cat was studied at stimulus frequencies ranging from 120 to 2,500 Hz. Best frequencies of the 43 AI cells sensitive to IPD ranged from 190 to 2,400 Hz. 2. A static IPD was p ...
Discovery of a Proneurogenic, Neuroprotective
... the BrdU pulse exhibited a 500% increase in abundance of BrdU+ cells in the dentate gyrus relative to vehicle controls (Figure 3B). In this longer-term trial, BrdU+ cells were observed both within the SGZ and the granular layer (Figure 3B). We hypothesize that the latter, BrdU+ cells represent matur ...
... the BrdU pulse exhibited a 500% increase in abundance of BrdU+ cells in the dentate gyrus relative to vehicle controls (Figure 3B). In this longer-term trial, BrdU+ cells were observed both within the SGZ and the granular layer (Figure 3B). We hypothesize that the latter, BrdU+ cells represent matur ...
brain –computer interface - Nexus Academic Publishers
... digitization device. The acquired signals are often noisy and may contain artefacts due to muscular and ocular movements.The EEG signal processing subsystem is subdivided into a preprocessing unit, responsible for artefact detection, and a feature extraction and recognition unit that determines the ...
... digitization device. The acquired signals are often noisy and may contain artefacts due to muscular and ocular movements.The EEG signal processing subsystem is subdivided into a preprocessing unit, responsible for artefact detection, and a feature extraction and recognition unit that determines the ...
Response characteristics in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN
... The RF-composition described above is called the "linear summation eld" of the RF. Linearity of spatial contrast integration is usually tested by ashing or counter-phasing (contrast reversal) a grating of optimal spatial frequency at di erent positions (spatial phases) with respect to the center o ...
... The RF-composition described above is called the "linear summation eld" of the RF. Linearity of spatial contrast integration is usually tested by ashing or counter-phasing (contrast reversal) a grating of optimal spatial frequency at di erent positions (spatial phases) with respect to the center o ...
How microglia kill neurons
... The cysteine protease B – cathepsin B – released by activated microglia has been shown to be neurotoxic in the context of neurodegenerative diseases (Gan et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2007; Kingham and Pocock 2001) (Fig. 2). Activating BV-2 microglia with Aβ upregulated expression of cathepsin B, and do ...
... The cysteine protease B – cathepsin B – released by activated microglia has been shown to be neurotoxic in the context of neurodegenerative diseases (Gan et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2007; Kingham and Pocock 2001) (Fig. 2). Activating BV-2 microglia with Aβ upregulated expression of cathepsin B, and do ...
Learning Innate Face Preferences
... addition to the primary visual cortex. The same model allows preferences for low-level features such as orientation or spatial frequency, and high-level features such as faces. to be compared, in order to account for the different categories of preferences found in experiments with newborns. Very fe ...
... addition to the primary visual cortex. The same model allows preferences for low-level features such as orientation or spatial frequency, and high-level features such as faces. to be compared, in order to account for the different categories of preferences found in experiments with newborns. Very fe ...
The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... representations of future visual images may influence dopamine neuron activity as if the saccade had already been executed, and thus the dopamine response may start slightly before the saccade. The Extended TD model computes such predictive signals and uses them to select goal-directed actions in a ...
... representations of future visual images may influence dopamine neuron activity as if the saccade had already been executed, and thus the dopamine response may start slightly before the saccade. The Extended TD model computes such predictive signals and uses them to select goal-directed actions in a ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD) to measure fluorescence intensity relative to background (adjacent non-TH region). For each group of wake-active neurons, the total number of nucleated wake neurons on all relevant sections were counted, and the percentage of these neuro ...
... Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD) to measure fluorescence intensity relative to background (adjacent non-TH region). For each group of wake-active neurons, the total number of nucleated wake neurons on all relevant sections were counted, and the percentage of these neuro ...
Stimulus Dependence of Local Field Potential Spectra: Experiment
... The local field potential (LFP) captures different neural processes, including integrative synaptic dynamics that cannot be observed by measuring only the spiking activity of small populations. Therefore, investigating how LFP power is modulated by external stimuli can offer important insights into ...
... The local field potential (LFP) captures different neural processes, including integrative synaptic dynamics that cannot be observed by measuring only the spiking activity of small populations. Therefore, investigating how LFP power is modulated by external stimuli can offer important insights into ...
Linking Objects to Actions: Encoding of Target Object and Grasping
... estimates based on binned spike counts and dimensionality reduction using PCA or multidimensional scaling (Vargas-Irwin et al., 2015). We have also shown that the SSIMS algorithm is robust over a wide range of parameter settings and capable of accurately classifying reaching and grasping movements f ...
... estimates based on binned spike counts and dimensionality reduction using PCA or multidimensional scaling (Vargas-Irwin et al., 2015). We have also shown that the SSIMS algorithm is robust over a wide range of parameter settings and capable of accurately classifying reaching and grasping movements f ...
Network Self-Organization Explains the Statistics and
... long-term memories are thought to be based on subsets of synapses with long life times [16,17], which may also be comparatively strong [16]. In line with this, the daily fluctuations of dendritic spine sizes, which are closely related to synaptic efficacies, are such that weak synapses can change th ...
... long-term memories are thought to be based on subsets of synapses with long life times [16,17], which may also be comparatively strong [16]. In line with this, the daily fluctuations of dendritic spine sizes, which are closely related to synaptic efficacies, are such that weak synapses can change th ...
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior - Smith
... McPeek, Robert M., and Edward L. Keller. Saccade target selection in the superior colliculus during a visual search task. J Neurophysiol 88: 2019 –2034, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00181.2002. Because realworld scenes typically contain many different potential objects of interest, selecting one goal from many ...
... McPeek, Robert M., and Edward L. Keller. Saccade target selection in the superior colliculus during a visual search task. J Neurophysiol 88: 2019 –2034, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00181.2002. Because realworld scenes typically contain many different potential objects of interest, selecting one goal from many ...
Been There, Seen That: A Neural Mechanism for Performing
... task. The original model had three parameters: encoding probability, recall probability, and target identification probability. We removed the encoding probability, as our stimuli were clearly distinguishable but included a parameter that accounted for the fact that not all eye movements we included ...
... task. The original model had three parameters: encoding probability, recall probability, and target identification probability. We removed the encoding probability, as our stimuli were clearly distinguishable but included a parameter that accounted for the fact that not all eye movements we included ...
Poulet etal - Cornell University
... self-generated and external sensory stimuli is a fundamental problem in perception and a central question of sensory neuroscience. Philosophers and scientists over the centuries have proposed that responses to self-generated stimuli are modulated by neural signals that feedforward from motor to sens ...
... self-generated and external sensory stimuli is a fundamental problem in perception and a central question of sensory neuroscience. Philosophers and scientists over the centuries have proposed that responses to self-generated stimuli are modulated by neural signals that feedforward from motor to sens ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.