Conduction Velocity and Patellar Reflex Blah A. Blah Parter 1
... The purpose of this experiment is to find changes in the conduction velocity based on the patellar reflex as the subject is put through three different conditions: the Jendrassik’s maneuver, mental distraction, and fatigue. The main function of the stretch reflex is to maintain the muscle at a const ...
... The purpose of this experiment is to find changes in the conduction velocity based on the patellar reflex as the subject is put through three different conditions: the Jendrassik’s maneuver, mental distraction, and fatigue. The main function of the stretch reflex is to maintain the muscle at a const ...
Cnidarians and the evolutionary origin of the nervous system Review
... physiological complexity observed in the regionalized nervous system and eye-bearing sensory complex (Rhopalia) of cnidarians, an increasing number of examples indicating the evolutionary convergence in both nervous and sensory systems (Nishikawa 2002) make it difficult to simply compare cnidarian a ...
... physiological complexity observed in the regionalized nervous system and eye-bearing sensory complex (Rhopalia) of cnidarians, an increasing number of examples indicating the evolutionary convergence in both nervous and sensory systems (Nishikawa 2002) make it difficult to simply compare cnidarian a ...
Number and Laminar Distribution of Neurons in a
... neurons (range 478--498 neurons). 2) We checked that for consecutive slices, all cells at the slice borders could be recovered in the adjacent slice (for an example of 6 consecutive tangential slices, see inset in Fig. 3A) and that the selection criterion was mutually exclusive for the large majorit ...
... neurons (range 478--498 neurons). 2) We checked that for consecutive slices, all cells at the slice borders could be recovered in the adjacent slice (for an example of 6 consecutive tangential slices, see inset in Fig. 3A) and that the selection criterion was mutually exclusive for the large majorit ...
3. NEURAL NETWORK MODELS 3.1 Early Approaches
... appropriate combination of such elements. Their proof is based on the observation that, in particular, AND-gates and inverters can be realized as special cases of (3.1); therefore, any other logical function can be constructed from these. The model of McCulloch and Pitts for the first time suggested ...
... appropriate combination of such elements. Their proof is based on the observation that, in particular, AND-gates and inverters can be realized as special cases of (3.1); therefore, any other logical function can be constructed from these. The model of McCulloch and Pitts for the first time suggested ...
A Model of a Segmental Oscillator in the Leech Heartbeat Neuronal
... 1983b). When isolated, either of these ganglia can produce oscillations similar in period and voltage waveform to those produced when the nerve cord is intact. Therefore, these ganglia can be considered to contain segmental oscillators (Peterson, 1983a). The segmental oscillators are coupled to each ...
... 1983b). When isolated, either of these ganglia can produce oscillations similar in period and voltage waveform to those produced when the nerve cord is intact. Therefore, these ganglia can be considered to contain segmental oscillators (Peterson, 1983a). The segmental oscillators are coupled to each ...
Behavioral dopamine signals
... Using these responses, dopamine neurotransmission provides differential and heterogeneous information to subcortical and cortical brain structures about essential outcome components for approach behavior, learning and economic decision-making. Introduction The description of the function of dopamine ...
... Using these responses, dopamine neurotransmission provides differential and heterogeneous information to subcortical and cortical brain structures about essential outcome components for approach behavior, learning and economic decision-making. Introduction The description of the function of dopamine ...
Uygar Sümbül - Department of Statistics
... Mark Churchland) Single-unit and array recordings are obtained from the primate motor cortex during episodic reaching tasks. Dynamical system models are devised to predict the cortical activity and relate it to observed behavior. • Comparing neuronal arbors in entirety (with Prof. Sebastian Seung an ...
... Mark Churchland) Single-unit and array recordings are obtained from the primate motor cortex during episodic reaching tasks. Dynamical system models are devised to predict the cortical activity and relate it to observed behavior. • Comparing neuronal arbors in entirety (with Prof. Sebastian Seung an ...
Structural changes of the human superior cervical
... cell death (intensely stained and deformed neuron bodies and vacuoles in the cytoplasm) and neuron regeneration (swollen cell body containing microvacuoles and lightly stained cytoplasm) were found in the sympathetic ganglia of stroke subjects. This mixed view of neuron death and regeneration signs ...
... cell death (intensely stained and deformed neuron bodies and vacuoles in the cytoplasm) and neuron regeneration (swollen cell body containing microvacuoles and lightly stained cytoplasm) were found in the sympathetic ganglia of stroke subjects. This mixed view of neuron death and regeneration signs ...
Forecasting & Demand Planner Module 4 – Basic Concepts
... trigger the release of neurotransmitter substances at the synapse. The neurotransmitters cause excitation or inhibition in the dendrite of the post-synaptic neuron. The integration of the excitatory and inhibitory signals may produce spikes in the post-synaptic neuron. ...
... trigger the release of neurotransmitter substances at the synapse. The neurotransmitters cause excitation or inhibition in the dendrite of the post-synaptic neuron. The integration of the excitatory and inhibitory signals may produce spikes in the post-synaptic neuron. ...
Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal
... to play a role in controlling slow eye movements and in maintaining stable vision during head movements. Both nuclei are known to receive cortical input from striate and extrastriate cortex. To determine to what degree this cortical input arises from the same areas and potentially from the same indi ...
... to play a role in controlling slow eye movements and in maintaining stable vision during head movements. Both nuclei are known to receive cortical input from striate and extrastriate cortex. To determine to what degree this cortical input arises from the same areas and potentially from the same indi ...
Encoding and Retrieval of Episodic Memories: Role of Hippocampus
... implementing a hippocampal simulation of human episodic memory function, we have addressed many additional issues not addressed in any of these previous theoretical articles. At a circuit level, the network model of hippocampus involves two basic processes, which are here referred to as self-organiz ...
... implementing a hippocampal simulation of human episodic memory function, we have addressed many additional issues not addressed in any of these previous theoretical articles. At a circuit level, the network model of hippocampus involves two basic processes, which are here referred to as self-organiz ...
Impairment of a parabolic bursting rhythm by the ectopic expression
... bursting activity by rSK2 overexpression is unlikely to be due to reduced spike duration, and is more likely to be due to rSK2-induced slow AHP that decays with a time constant of , 150 ms [14]. It is widely held that slowly activating, voltagedependent currents play a key role in producing the burs ...
... bursting activity by rSK2 overexpression is unlikely to be due to reduced spike duration, and is more likely to be due to rSK2-induced slow AHP that decays with a time constant of , 150 ms [14]. It is widely held that slowly activating, voltagedependent currents play a key role in producing the burs ...
Neuronal control of swimming in jellyfish: a
... sensitivity to some types of sensory input. Furthermore, their arrangement around the margin of the swimming bell places sensory structures in a distributed array that best serves the needs of these radially symmetrical animals. Conduction of an action potential between pacemakers is accomplished by ...
... sensitivity to some types of sensory input. Furthermore, their arrangement around the margin of the swimming bell places sensory structures in a distributed array that best serves the needs of these radially symmetrical animals. Conduction of an action potential between pacemakers is accomplished by ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining subsets of neuronal populations, as spiny GABAergic projection cells can contain substance P, GABA, enkephalin or dynorphyn (Kawaguchi, 1997). There is also a distinction between spiny projection cells with respect to the dopamin rec ...
... Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining subsets of neuronal populations, as spiny GABAergic projection cells can contain substance P, GABA, enkephalin or dynorphyn (Kawaguchi, 1997). There is also a distinction between spiny projection cells with respect to the dopamin rec ...
The role of early visual cortex in visual integration: a neural model of
... mechanism that can be implemented by the early retinotopic visual areas. On the other hand, when both target and distractors are composed of similar elementary features, the amount of time required to distinguish between them increases linearly with the number of distractors. This is said to suggest ...
... mechanism that can be implemented by the early retinotopic visual areas. On the other hand, when both target and distractors are composed of similar elementary features, the amount of time required to distinguish between them increases linearly with the number of distractors. This is said to suggest ...
Chunking of Action Sequences in the Cortex
... each making a small contribution, which suggests either a high rate of firing from a few neurons or coherent network activity from large number of neurons, is needed to make the projection neurons fire. The firing in the striatum is very dependent on specific contexts which implies that it corresponds t ...
... each making a small contribution, which suggests either a high rate of firing from a few neurons or coherent network activity from large number of neurons, is needed to make the projection neurons fire. The firing in the striatum is very dependent on specific contexts which implies that it corresponds t ...
Chapter 2 Intrinsic Dynamics of an Excitatory
... connection to the jth neuron. d, and 0, representthe external stimulus and threshold respectively,at the nth instant. Considering the detailed biology of a neuron, there are two transforms occurring at the threshold element. At the input end, the impulse frequency coded information is transformed in ...
... connection to the jth neuron. d, and 0, representthe external stimulus and threshold respectively,at the nth instant. Considering the detailed biology of a neuron, there are two transforms occurring at the threshold element. At the input end, the impulse frequency coded information is transformed in ...
Control of breathing by interacting pontine and
... Shevtsova, and Rybak and ported to the high-performance computer cluster systems running OpenMPI by Dr. Molkov. This simulation environment has been specifically developed and used for multiscale modeling and computational analysis of crosslevel integration of: (a) the intrinsic biophysical properti ...
... Shevtsova, and Rybak and ported to the high-performance computer cluster systems running OpenMPI by Dr. Molkov. This simulation environment has been specifically developed and used for multiscale modeling and computational analysis of crosslevel integration of: (a) the intrinsic biophysical properti ...
PDF File - Max-Planck
... MARK2 mRNA in the CP and VZ/SVZ, where NeuN staining is excluded (brown), and lower expression levels in the IZ (A, coronal view; B, sagittal view). Bⴕ, No signal was detected using the sense probe. C, PAK5 mRNA is more abundant in the CP and IZ than in the VZ/SVZ of E14 mouse embryos brains. D, In ...
... MARK2 mRNA in the CP and VZ/SVZ, where NeuN staining is excluded (brown), and lower expression levels in the IZ (A, coronal view; B, sagittal view). Bⴕ, No signal was detected using the sense probe. C, PAK5 mRNA is more abundant in the CP and IZ than in the VZ/SVZ of E14 mouse embryos brains. D, In ...
Loss of Neurons in Magnocellular and Parvocellular Layers of the
... retinal ganglion cells.9 The difference in nerve fiber loss between the nasal and temporal quadrants of the right optic nerves was not statistically significant (P..05) for the monkeys examined in this study; therefore, changes observed in left LGN layers 1, 4, and 6 are most representative for chan ...
... retinal ganglion cells.9 The difference in nerve fiber loss between the nasal and temporal quadrants of the right optic nerves was not statistically significant (P..05) for the monkeys examined in this study; therefore, changes observed in left LGN layers 1, 4, and 6 are most representative for chan ...
Odorant Category Profile Selectivity of Olfactory Cortex Neurons
... 30 s interstimulus intervals to avoid habituation (Wilson, 1998, 2001). For binary mixture stimulation, two microsolenoid valves that control the timing of two different odorant flows were opened simultaneously. This made it possible to keep the concentration of each category in the mixture the same ...
... 30 s interstimulus intervals to avoid habituation (Wilson, 1998, 2001). For binary mixture stimulation, two microsolenoid valves that control the timing of two different odorant flows were opened simultaneously. This made it possible to keep the concentration of each category in the mixture the same ...
Depression of Acetylcholinesterase Synthesis Following Transient
... Our biochemical measurements of AChE activity and the corresponding histochemical observations suggested that AChE synthesis in the striatum and septum/diagonal band significantly decreased after 4-VO ischemia. AChE-positive neurons in these areas were only slightly stained or almost devoid of the r ...
... Our biochemical measurements of AChE activity and the corresponding histochemical observations suggested that AChE synthesis in the striatum and septum/diagonal band significantly decreased after 4-VO ischemia. AChE-positive neurons in these areas were only slightly stained or almost devoid of the r ...
Mirror Neurons: Findings and Functions
... appear to be other areas with mirror properties. Besides the premotor area, one of its important input areas, the rostral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) area PF, also contains neurons with mirror properties. The premotor area and the PF are highly interconnected. Most of the PF neurons (90%) respond ...
... appear to be other areas with mirror properties. Besides the premotor area, one of its important input areas, the rostral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) area PF, also contains neurons with mirror properties. The premotor area and the PF are highly interconnected. Most of the PF neurons (90%) respond ...
bioresources.com - NC State University
... between the input and output can be revealed without any assumptions or preliminary information from the ANN. The ANN, different from linear models, can also provide modelling in cases where the relations between the data of the handled problem is not linear, is uncertain, and may be indefinite (Zha ...
... between the input and output can be revealed without any assumptions or preliminary information from the ANN. The ANN, different from linear models, can also provide modelling in cases where the relations between the data of the handled problem is not linear, is uncertain, and may be indefinite (Zha ...
Sonic Hedgehog Expression in Corticofugal Projection Neurons
... decreased in the Shh conditional null animals, while mEPSC frequency in layer II/III (Figures 3J and 3K) was not significantly different. We also observed a 1.6-fold increase in the input resistance of conditional mutants, but no change in mEPSC amplitude between the groups, consistent with a decrea ...
... decreased in the Shh conditional null animals, while mEPSC frequency in layer II/III (Figures 3J and 3K) was not significantly different. We also observed a 1.6-fold increase in the input resistance of conditional mutants, but no change in mEPSC amplitude between the groups, consistent with a decrea ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.