Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... neurons in isolated abdominal nerve cord preparations. Membrane potentials had a median of 059 mV, with 25th and 75th percentiles of 066.0 and 053 mV. The median input resistance was 6.4 MV, with 25th and 75th percentiles of 3.4 and 13.7 MV. Membrane time constants had a median of 9.3 ms, with 25th ...
... neurons in isolated abdominal nerve cord preparations. Membrane potentials had a median of 059 mV, with 25th and 75th percentiles of 066.0 and 053 mV. The median input resistance was 6.4 MV, with 25th and 75th percentiles of 3.4 and 13.7 MV. Membrane time constants had a median of 9.3 ms, with 25th ...
Cerebellar Unit Activity and the Movement Disruption Induced by
... Two days after surgery the animal was connected to the isolation unit of the stimulator through a flexible cable and a miniature microdrive (Bureš et al. 1976), loaded with a capillary microelectrode (4 m o l . ľ ' NaCl, 1 um, 5—10 MQ), was fixed to the guiding cannula. The microelectrode was insert ...
... Two days after surgery the animal was connected to the isolation unit of the stimulator through a flexible cable and a miniature microdrive (Bureš et al. 1976), loaded with a capillary microelectrode (4 m o l . ľ ' NaCl, 1 um, 5—10 MQ), was fixed to the guiding cannula. The microelectrode was insert ...
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
... much of this variability, whereas all other neurons are found invariantly as either single copies or pairs of neurons (24). STG neurons have a large soma (typically 50–100 μm) and complex branching patterns. Figure 2 shows dye fills of a single pyloric dilator (PD) neuron in the three species indicat ...
... much of this variability, whereas all other neurons are found invariantly as either single copies or pairs of neurons (24). STG neurons have a large soma (typically 50–100 μm) and complex branching patterns. Figure 2 shows dye fills of a single pyloric dilator (PD) neuron in the three species indicat ...
J.H. Meijer, S. Michel, M.J. Vansteensel
... In the central nervous system, cells communicate by electrical and humoral signalling. Therefore, the protein products of clock genes become functional for central nervous signalling if they lead to changes in membrane potential and thereby to changes in electrical activity and release of neurotrans ...
... In the central nervous system, cells communicate by electrical and humoral signalling. Therefore, the protein products of clock genes become functional for central nervous signalling if they lead to changes in membrane potential and thereby to changes in electrical activity and release of neurotrans ...
Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory
... body output, but the manner in which a memory trace in the mushroom body drives conditioned avoidance of a learned odor remains unknown. To identify neurons that are involved in olfactory memory retrieval, we performed an anatomical and functional screen of defined sets of mushroom body output neuro ...
... body output, but the manner in which a memory trace in the mushroom body drives conditioned avoidance of a learned odor remains unknown. To identify neurons that are involved in olfactory memory retrieval, we performed an anatomical and functional screen of defined sets of mushroom body output neuro ...
the premotor cortex of the monkey
... transient or sustained relationship with the ready signal. EMG activity was synchronized with movement; the earliest muscles were activated 20 to 80 msec before movement onset. The onset times of selected muscles in the first monkey are indicated by the horizontal arrows in Figure 7. Eye movements. ...
... transient or sustained relationship with the ready signal. EMG activity was synchronized with movement; the earliest muscles were activated 20 to 80 msec before movement onset. The onset times of selected muscles in the first monkey are indicated by the horizontal arrows in Figure 7. Eye movements. ...
The C. elegans Connectome Consists of Homogenous Circuits with
... Systems neuroscience is reaching the stage where large connectomes are being mapped and ambitious collaborative projects are established to decipher the fundamental questions relating structure and function [1–4]. To name few are the current attempts to construct a large-scale computer simulation of ...
... Systems neuroscience is reaching the stage where large connectomes are being mapped and ambitious collaborative projects are established to decipher the fundamental questions relating structure and function [1–4]. To name few are the current attempts to construct a large-scale computer simulation of ...
Biophysical Properties and Responses to Neurotransmitters of
... neurons innervating the tongue. J Neurophysiol 84: 1404 –1413, 2000. The properties of afferent sensory neurons supplying taste receptors on the tongue were examined in vitro. Neurons in the geniculate (GG) and petrosal ganglia (PG) supplying the tongue were fluorescently labeled, acutely dissociate ...
... neurons innervating the tongue. J Neurophysiol 84: 1404 –1413, 2000. The properties of afferent sensory neurons supplying taste receptors on the tongue were examined in vitro. Neurons in the geniculate (GG) and petrosal ganglia (PG) supplying the tongue were fluorescently labeled, acutely dissociate ...
Implications on visual apperception: energy, duration
... perception/representation/function) requires energetic conditions. The brain can perceive, detect, discriminate, and recognize consciously just those pieces of external information, which reach a critical intrinsic energetic level (guaranteed by neuronal mitochondrial activity), an adequate duration ...
... perception/representation/function) requires energetic conditions. The brain can perceive, detect, discriminate, and recognize consciously just those pieces of external information, which reach a critical intrinsic energetic level (guaranteed by neuronal mitochondrial activity), an adequate duration ...
hanPNAS11
... retrograde axonal tracing by injecting rhodamine-conjugated latex microspheres (LMS) into the pons of Tbr1+/+ and Tbr1−/− newborn mice. Analysis was carried out after 18–24 h of survival to allow for transport of the tracer, a time frame that is limited by the perinatal lethality of the Tbr1−/− (22) ...
... retrograde axonal tracing by injecting rhodamine-conjugated latex microspheres (LMS) into the pons of Tbr1+/+ and Tbr1−/− newborn mice. Analysis was carried out after 18–24 h of survival to allow for transport of the tracer, a time frame that is limited by the perinatal lethality of the Tbr1−/− (22) ...
Consciousness, biology and quantum hypotheses
... However, the structural connectivity of the C-T system is not enough, since moment-to-moment brain functions require dynamic flows of signal traffic among many brain regions, perhaps at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Based on a large number of animal studies, Steriade proposed that “The cereb ...
... However, the structural connectivity of the C-T system is not enough, since moment-to-moment brain functions require dynamic flows of signal traffic among many brain regions, perhaps at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Based on a large number of animal studies, Steriade proposed that “The cereb ...
The sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic
... thus used their common marker Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) 13. Of note, NOS was absent from the dmnX at E13.5 (Fig. 1b), or later (Extended data Fig.1) — making NOS a differential marker of both, thoracic and sacral, versus cranial VM neurons. We first established that, in contrast to cranial (parasy ...
... thus used their common marker Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) 13. Of note, NOS was absent from the dmnX at E13.5 (Fig. 1b), or later (Extended data Fig.1) — making NOS a differential marker of both, thoracic and sacral, versus cranial VM neurons. We first established that, in contrast to cranial (parasy ...
Chapter 5 Learning to attend in primary visual cortex
... stimulus appeared on the screen. It consisted of two curves starting at two different small icons. The monkey was presented with a new pair of icons each day, one of which was relevant and the other was to be ignored. The curve segment in the receptive fields of the recorded neurons was always the s ...
... stimulus appeared on the screen. It consisted of two curves starting at two different small icons. The monkey was presented with a new pair of icons each day, one of which was relevant and the other was to be ignored. The curve segment in the receptive fields of the recorded neurons was always the s ...
A Monosynaptic GABAergic Input from the Inferior Colliculus to the
... inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in morphologically identified thalamocortical relay neurons. The inhibitory potentials cannot ...
... inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in morphologically identified thalamocortical relay neurons. The inhibitory potentials cannot ...
high-speed in vivo calcium imaging reveals neuronal network
... high-speed calcium imaging will facilitate optical studies of information processing in brain microcircuits. ...
... high-speed calcium imaging will facilitate optical studies of information processing in brain microcircuits. ...
Definition of Neuronal Circuitry Controlling the Activity of Phrenic
... though a few labeled neurons were present in the raphe nuclei, medial reticular formation, and parabrachial nucleus. Nevertheless, differences in the organization of neurons presynaptic to phrenic motoneurons were recently demonstrated in an emetic species, the ferret. In contrast to the rat, the ve ...
... though a few labeled neurons were present in the raphe nuclei, medial reticular formation, and parabrachial nucleus. Nevertheless, differences in the organization of neurons presynaptic to phrenic motoneurons were recently demonstrated in an emetic species, the ferret. In contrast to the rat, the ve ...
Neuroanatomical characteristics of deep and superficial needling
... skin (including the epidermis and dermis) and subcutaneous tissue. These tissue layers contain a wide variety of sensory receptors that detect mechanical, thermal, or nociceptive stimuli applied to the body surface.19 These receptors include bare nerve endings, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s discs, M ...
... skin (including the epidermis and dermis) and subcutaneous tissue. These tissue layers contain a wide variety of sensory receptors that detect mechanical, thermal, or nociceptive stimuli applied to the body surface.19 These receptors include bare nerve endings, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s discs, M ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... Recent years have witnessed a steep increase in studies on the diverse roles of neuronal cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs). The versatility of CCC gene transcription, posttranslational modification, and trafficking are on par with what is known about ion channels. The cell-specific and subcellul ...
... Recent years have witnessed a steep increase in studies on the diverse roles of neuronal cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs). The versatility of CCC gene transcription, posttranslational modification, and trafficking are on par with what is known about ion channels. The cell-specific and subcellul ...
MSc Thesis Template Document
... brain’s activity is not yet fully defined and remains a huge research area. This project attempts to approach and understand the diversifications of brain’s responses while interfering with different situations. The aim is to observe and notice brain’s reactions to an external stimulus. Neural activ ...
... brain’s activity is not yet fully defined and remains a huge research area. This project attempts to approach and understand the diversifications of brain’s responses while interfering with different situations. The aim is to observe and notice brain’s reactions to an external stimulus. Neural activ ...
different sensory modalities
... extension of the superficial ones – somatosensory neurons in the deeper layers have large receptive fields and are organized in maps which show a regular relationship with visual maps: the front of the animal is represented rostral while the hindparts are caudal, the upper surface is represented med ...
... extension of the superficial ones – somatosensory neurons in the deeper layers have large receptive fields and are organized in maps which show a regular relationship with visual maps: the front of the animal is represented rostral while the hindparts are caudal, the upper surface is represented med ...
Behavioral flexibility is increased by optogenetic inhibition of
... bar-pressing task requiring a win– stay/lose –shift strategy. We found that optogenetic inhibition during action selection in the time segment preceding a lever press had no effect on performance. However, inhibition occurring in the time segment during feedback of results—whether rewards or nonrewa ...
... bar-pressing task requiring a win– stay/lose –shift strategy. We found that optogenetic inhibition during action selection in the time segment preceding a lever press had no effect on performance. However, inhibition occurring in the time segment during feedback of results—whether rewards or nonrewa ...
Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and
... activity, and respiratory activity. Furthermore, c-Fos expression occurs only after sustained stimulation of neurons and so this method cannot be used to identify cell populations activated by brief alerting stimuli. Nevertheless, even though many questions remain unanswered, recent studies have pro ...
... activity, and respiratory activity. Furthermore, c-Fos expression occurs only after sustained stimulation of neurons and so this method cannot be used to identify cell populations activated by brief alerting stimuli. Nevertheless, even though many questions remain unanswered, recent studies have pro ...
Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurons to cervical input after
... and then every 20 min. Electrical GON stimulation consisted of trains of 20 stimuli (0.5±1 Hz) starting at least 30 min prior to any conditioning stimulus. Responses to electrical stimulation were analysed using post-stimulus histograms separated for A-®bre and, if present, C-®bre responses. To comp ...
... and then every 20 min. Electrical GON stimulation consisted of trains of 20 stimuli (0.5±1 Hz) starting at least 30 min prior to any conditioning stimulus. Responses to electrical stimulation were analysed using post-stimulus histograms separated for A-®bre and, if present, C-®bre responses. To comp ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.