Rich-club organization in effective connectivity among cortical neurons
... Many studies have focused on communication networks between cortical brain regions. In contrast, very few studies have examined communication networks within a cortical region. This is the first study to combine such a large number of neurons (several hundred at a time) with such high temporal resol ...
... Many studies have focused on communication networks between cortical brain regions. In contrast, very few studies have examined communication networks within a cortical region. This is the first study to combine such a large number of neurons (several hundred at a time) with such high temporal resol ...
Desired EEG Signals For Detecting Brain Tumor Using Indu Sekhar Samant
... brain far exceeds any network of linked state-of-the-art computers. Although cells in different parts of the body may look and work differently, most repair them-selves in the same way, by dividing to make more cells. Normally, this turnover takes place in an orderly and controlled manner. If, for s ...
... brain far exceeds any network of linked state-of-the-art computers. Although cells in different parts of the body may look and work differently, most repair them-selves in the same way, by dividing to make more cells. Normally, this turnover takes place in an orderly and controlled manner. If, for s ...
kwanPNAS08
... 3C and data not shown). Similarly, the proportion of E11.5 IdU-labeled neurons highly expressing Fezf2-Gfp or BCL11B in the E14.5 KO neocortex (52.9 ⫾ 4.2% and 67.4 ⫾ 4.4%, respectively) (Fig. 3D and E) was comparable to that in the Het neocortex. However, a high proportion of these neurons maintain ...
... 3C and data not shown). Similarly, the proportion of E11.5 IdU-labeled neurons highly expressing Fezf2-Gfp or BCL11B in the E14.5 KO neocortex (52.9 ⫾ 4.2% and 67.4 ⫾ 4.4%, respectively) (Fig. 3D and E) was comparable to that in the Het neocortex. However, a high proportion of these neurons maintain ...
Temperature Integration at the AC Thermosensory Neurons
... et al., 2011). We therefore used Drosophila to address this question because they offer a relatively simple biological system coupled with powerful genetic and physiological tools that can provide the groundwork for the subsequent analysis of more complex systems (Olsen and Wilson, 2008; Griffith, 2 ...
... et al., 2011). We therefore used Drosophila to address this question because they offer a relatively simple biological system coupled with powerful genetic and physiological tools that can provide the groundwork for the subsequent analysis of more complex systems (Olsen and Wilson, 2008; Griffith, 2 ...
Morphological and Quantitative Study of Neurons in the Gracile
... Neurons in the gracile nucleus of the camel brain stem were studied by Golgi method. Neurons were classified based on soma size and shape, density of dendritic tree, morphology and distribution of appendages. Six types of neurons were identified. Type I neurons had very large somata with appendages ...
... Neurons in the gracile nucleus of the camel brain stem were studied by Golgi method. Neurons were classified based on soma size and shape, density of dendritic tree, morphology and distribution of appendages. Six types of neurons were identified. Type I neurons had very large somata with appendages ...
The Fraction of Cortical GABAergic Neurons Is Constant from Near
... (Lodato et al., 2011). But others do not follow this rule so that they are not birthdate-matched with their neighboring excitatory cells (Yozu et al., 2004; Rymar and Sadikot, 2007). Thus, the GABAergic/glutamatergic neuron number matching must be achieved in the context of the spatially and tempora ...
... (Lodato et al., 2011). But others do not follow this rule so that they are not birthdate-matched with their neighboring excitatory cells (Yozu et al., 2004; Rymar and Sadikot, 2007). Thus, the GABAergic/glutamatergic neuron number matching must be achieved in the context of the spatially and tempora ...
Electroencephalogram based Brain
... EEG is usually recorded from a number of electrodes on the scalp. A standard electrode (channel) configuration is the 10-20 electrode system [7] of 19 active electrodes and two mastoids (reference) as shown in Figure 4. However, it is common to extend this configuration and use higher number of chan ...
... EEG is usually recorded from a number of electrodes on the scalp. A standard electrode (channel) configuration is the 10-20 electrode system [7] of 19 active electrodes and two mastoids (reference) as shown in Figure 4. However, it is common to extend this configuration and use higher number of chan ...
Feedforward and feedback frequency
... of pyramidal neurons and a population of inhibitory interneurons at this level. Within and between each population are recurrent and cross connections, respectively (Fig. 2A, top). Local strongly interconnected populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons are present in both supra- and infragran ...
... of pyramidal neurons and a population of inhibitory interneurons at this level. Within and between each population are recurrent and cross connections, respectively (Fig. 2A, top). Local strongly interconnected populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons are present in both supra- and infragran ...
The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
... is the entopeduncular nucleus (EP), which is embedded in the fibers of the corticofugal tracts. The MGP and SNr receive direct projections from the striatum. In addition, an indirect projection from the striatum to the MGP and SNr begins with a projection from the striatum to the lateral globus pall ...
... is the entopeduncular nucleus (EP), which is embedded in the fibers of the corticofugal tracts. The MGP and SNr receive direct projections from the striatum. In addition, an indirect projection from the striatum to the MGP and SNr begins with a projection from the striatum to the lateral globus pall ...
Effects of acetylcholine on neuronal properties in entorhinal cortex James G. Heys
... there are neurons in the MSDB that express a range of classical neurotransmitters and neurohormones, this review focuses on the population of putative cholinergic neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the separate population of GABAergic neurons expressing GAD, which together compr ...
... there are neurons in the MSDB that express a range of classical neurotransmitters and neurohormones, this review focuses on the population of putative cholinergic neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the separate population of GABAergic neurons expressing GAD, which together compr ...
Neurotransmitter Profile of Saccadic Omnipause Neurons in
... eye muscle motoneurons and results in a saccade. In current models the superior colliculus (SC) is thought to exert a strong control over the trigger for saccade gcncration. In addition to a monosynaptic excitatory input to OPNs (Raybourn and Keller, 1977; BtittnerEnncver et al., 1988) the SC must a ...
... eye muscle motoneurons and results in a saccade. In current models the superior colliculus (SC) is thought to exert a strong control over the trigger for saccade gcncration. In addition to a monosynaptic excitatory input to OPNs (Raybourn and Keller, 1977; BtittnerEnncver et al., 1988) the SC must a ...
Interspike Intervals, Receptive Fields, and Information Encoding in
... than for the uniform-field response, but it has approximately the same width. After the initial peak and rapid decay, the m-sequence ISIH shows a secondary, slower decay that lasts from ⬃5 msec until 20 msec; this secondary decay is almost entirely absent from the uniform-field response. Finally, bo ...
... than for the uniform-field response, but it has approximately the same width. After the initial peak and rapid decay, the m-sequence ISIH shows a secondary, slower decay that lasts from ⬃5 msec until 20 msec; this secondary decay is almost entirely absent from the uniform-field response. Finally, bo ...
Use of an Amino-Cupric-Silver Technique for the Detection of Early
... stored in fixative for 2-3 days. Good results, however, have been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, whil ...
... stored in fixative for 2-3 days. Good results, however, have been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, whil ...
James Robertson
... Primary (and most abundant) inhibitory neurotransmitter Sleep-active GABA Neurons from around the hypothalamus innervate Orx neurons ...
... Primary (and most abundant) inhibitory neurotransmitter Sleep-active GABA Neurons from around the hypothalamus innervate Orx neurons ...
supplemental figures
... of BA, DA and AA (one-way ANOVA: F(2,195) = 109.05, P = 1.63e-32), and among time windows of DA1, DA2, and DA3 (one-way ANOVA: F(2,195) = 2.02, P = 0.135) (for definition of time windows see c). For each neuron, the firing rate was normalized with mean firing rate of the total time window (from -5 ...
... of BA, DA and AA (one-way ANOVA: F(2,195) = 109.05, P = 1.63e-32), and among time windows of DA1, DA2, and DA3 (one-way ANOVA: F(2,195) = 2.02, P = 0.135) (for definition of time windows see c). For each neuron, the firing rate was normalized with mean firing rate of the total time window (from -5 ...
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
... Single neurons were recorded using tungsten microelectrodes (impedance 0.5—1.5 MQ, measured at 1 kHz) inserted through the dura. Neuronal activity was amplified and monitored with an oscilloscope. Individual action potentials were isolated with a time-amplitude voltage discriminator (BAK Electronics ...
... Single neurons were recorded using tungsten microelectrodes (impedance 0.5—1.5 MQ, measured at 1 kHz) inserted through the dura. Neuronal activity was amplified and monitored with an oscilloscope. Individual action potentials were isolated with a time-amplitude voltage discriminator (BAK Electronics ...
what distinguishes conscious experience from unconscious processes
... More specifically I wish to argue for the role of behaviour (which will be defined more fully as we progress) in helping shape our awareness and so our conscious experience. What will be suggested is that conscious awareness only makes sense in terms of behaviour. Doing so, I aim to show, is the sim ...
... More specifically I wish to argue for the role of behaviour (which will be defined more fully as we progress) in helping shape our awareness and so our conscious experience. What will be suggested is that conscious awareness only makes sense in terms of behaviour. Doing so, I aim to show, is the sim ...
The Basal Ganglia
... neurons. Neither the receipt of reward nor the prediction of reward are necessary conditions for activating dopamine neurons. Nor are they sufficient (the stimulus offset task, and that dopamine neurons respond little to incentive stimuli after overtraining, though one could argue that overtrained b ...
... neurons. Neither the receipt of reward nor the prediction of reward are necessary conditions for activating dopamine neurons. Nor are they sufficient (the stimulus offset task, and that dopamine neurons respond little to incentive stimuli after overtraining, though one could argue that overtrained b ...
Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase
... OF RATS The physiological role of the pontine-mediated mechanisms involved in IE phase transition has not received much attention, and reports of synaptic interactions required for mediating IE phase transitions are rare. Although several computational models were developed to explain possible ponti ...
... OF RATS The physiological role of the pontine-mediated mechanisms involved in IE phase transition has not received much attention, and reports of synaptic interactions required for mediating IE phase transitions are rare. Although several computational models were developed to explain possible ponti ...
Conditioned and unconditioned regulation of human activity
... a consolidation and processing of the information, which has arrived during wakefulness. In dreaming information moves from the short-term memory in the long-term. Activity of neurons in different departments of the brain cortex and subcortical nerve centres during dream remains practically same as ...
... a consolidation and processing of the information, which has arrived during wakefulness. In dreaming information moves from the short-term memory in the long-term. Activity of neurons in different departments of the brain cortex and subcortical nerve centres during dream remains practically same as ...
Significance of Neural Crest in Tooth Development
... encounter a relatively cell-free environment rich in extracellular matrix molecules. In this environment, they undergo extensive migrations along several well-defined pathways. These migrations are determined by intrinsic properties of the neural crest cells and features of the external environment ...
... encounter a relatively cell-free environment rich in extracellular matrix molecules. In this environment, they undergo extensive migrations along several well-defined pathways. These migrations are determined by intrinsic properties of the neural crest cells and features of the external environment ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.