Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... in animals identified a hypothalamic site involving the lateral preoptic area where lesions caused similar insomnia21,22. During the 1980s and 1990s, investigators began to examine the inputs to the monoaminergic cell groups that might be responsible for their remarkable, stereotyped and coordinated ...
... in animals identified a hypothalamic site involving the lateral preoptic area where lesions caused similar insomnia21,22. During the 1980s and 1990s, investigators began to examine the inputs to the monoaminergic cell groups that might be responsible for their remarkable, stereotyped and coordinated ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
... cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to be crucial for expression and likely storage of long-term memory. However, little is known about how ACC activity is influenced by hippocampal ripple activity during sleep. We report here about coordinated interactions between hippocampal ripple activity and ...
... cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to be crucial for expression and likely storage of long-term memory. However, little is known about how ACC activity is influenced by hippocampal ripple activity during sleep. We report here about coordinated interactions between hippocampal ripple activity and ...
Changes in GABA Modulation During a Theta Cycle May Be
... the effective temperature and the relative energy of data terms and constraints of an analog network. These results suggest that phasic changes in the activity of inhibitory interneurons during a theta cycle may produce dynamics that resemble annealing. These dynamics may underlie a role for the the ...
... the effective temperature and the relative energy of data terms and constraints of an analog network. These results suggest that phasic changes in the activity of inhibitory interneurons during a theta cycle may produce dynamics that resemble annealing. These dynamics may underlie a role for the the ...
Neural circuit rewiring: insights from DD synapse remodeling
... lead to the description of similar rewiring paradigms. Indeed, an example of synapse refinement in the absence of axon growth was described in the mammalian central nervous system, where imaging of individual axonal arbors of retinal ganglion cells showed that retinogeniculate synapse remodeling can ...
... lead to the description of similar rewiring paradigms. Indeed, an example of synapse refinement in the absence of axon growth was described in the mammalian central nervous system, where imaging of individual axonal arbors of retinal ganglion cells showed that retinogeniculate synapse remodeling can ...
The posterior parietal cortex: Sensorimotor interface for the planning
... leftmost column shows 3 neurons that encode target and hand position separably, in eye coordinates. Each cell is tuned for a target location in the upper visual field but one responds to rightward position (the top cell), another center, and the third leftward (bottom cell). These cells are also tun ...
... leftmost column shows 3 neurons that encode target and hand position separably, in eye coordinates. Each cell is tuned for a target location in the upper visual field but one responds to rightward position (the top cell), another center, and the third leftward (bottom cell). These cells are also tun ...
Sensory signals during active versus passive movement
... show no attenuation in response to the passive rotation component. Abbreviations: FR, firing rate;Ḣ, horizontal head velocity. Afferent responses are based on data from [2], and (c) is modified from data reported in [23]. ...
... show no attenuation in response to the passive rotation component. Abbreviations: FR, firing rate;Ḣ, horizontal head velocity. Afferent responses are based on data from [2], and (c) is modified from data reported in [23]. ...
Sustained conditioned responses in prelimbic prefrontal neurons are
... Burst firing was also examined by measuring the percentage of spikes within bursts. As in our previous study (Burgos-Robles et al., 2007), a burst was defined as three or more consecutive spikes with an interspike interval of ⬍25 ms between the first two spikes and ⬍50 ms for subsequent spikes. This ...
... Burst firing was also examined by measuring the percentage of spikes within bursts. As in our previous study (Burgos-Robles et al., 2007), a burst was defined as three or more consecutive spikes with an interspike interval of ⬍25 ms between the first two spikes and ⬍50 ms for subsequent spikes. This ...
Plasticity in the Nervous System of Adult Hydra. III. Conversion of
... same rate as, the epithelial cells. Thus, neurons are also continuously lost with the epithelial tissue by sloughing at the extremities or into buds (Yaross et al., 1986). The steady state is maintained as new neurons arise by differentiation constantly and are added to the net throughout most of th ...
... same rate as, the epithelial cells. Thus, neurons are also continuously lost with the epithelial tissue by sloughing at the extremities or into buds (Yaross et al., 1986). The steady state is maintained as new neurons arise by differentiation constantly and are added to the net throughout most of th ...
![[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005320946_1-6eb469e446a066f466aecf70147008ff-300x300.png)
[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL
... reticular formation (19). They thus have the capacity to receive input from reticular neurons and also the noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons, which utilize the same pathway (see below). The cholinergic neurons give rise to ascending projections that parallel those of the reticular formation, ext ...
... reticular formation (19). They thus have the capacity to receive input from reticular neurons and also the noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons, which utilize the same pathway (see below). The cholinergic neurons give rise to ascending projections that parallel those of the reticular formation, ext ...
Interoception and Emotion: a Neuroanatomical Perspective
... into more highly evolved regions of the human brain. My research is based on the knowledge that the brain is not a mystical structure, but rather is reproducibly and evolutionarily wellorganized for the purpose of maintaining and advancing both the individual and the species. The brain is not color ...
... into more highly evolved regions of the human brain. My research is based on the knowledge that the brain is not a mystical structure, but rather is reproducibly and evolutionarily wellorganized for the purpose of maintaining and advancing both the individual and the species. The brain is not color ...
Vesicle-Mediated Transport and Release of
... Whenever neurons in the CNS are injured, microglia become activated. In addition to local activation, microglia remote from the primary lesion site are stimulated. Because this so-called secondary activation of microglia is instrumental for long-term changes after neuronal injury, it is important to ...
... Whenever neurons in the CNS are injured, microglia become activated. In addition to local activation, microglia remote from the primary lesion site are stimulated. Because this so-called secondary activation of microglia is instrumental for long-term changes after neuronal injury, it is important to ...
The sympathetic control of blood pressure.
... are fairly uniform and have been thoroughly characterized from recordings in anaesthetized or awake animals and from numerous recordings of ganglionic neurons in awake humans19,21,23 (FIG. 2). Barosensitive efferents are subject to numerous reflex regulations that operate as either feedback or feedf ...
... are fairly uniform and have been thoroughly characterized from recordings in anaesthetized or awake animals and from numerous recordings of ganglionic neurons in awake humans19,21,23 (FIG. 2). Barosensitive efferents are subject to numerous reflex regulations that operate as either feedback or feedf ...
Emergence of Mirror Neurons in a Model of Gaze Following
... cues for gaze following. An earlier model [2], [21], from which the current one is derived, also explained delays or the complete absence of gaze following in certain developmental disorders such as autism or in other species. These models are based on biologically plausible reinforcement learning m ...
... cues for gaze following. An earlier model [2], [21], from which the current one is derived, also explained delays or the complete absence of gaze following in certain developmental disorders such as autism or in other species. These models are based on biologically plausible reinforcement learning m ...
Intermediate
... Besides ocular dominance and orientation columns, several other types of columns are also present in the visual cortex. The most fundamental of these are what might be called position columns. Neurons in V1 have small receptive fields localized at specific positions in visual space. Moving verticall ...
... Besides ocular dominance and orientation columns, several other types of columns are also present in the visual cortex. The most fundamental of these are what might be called position columns. Neurons in V1 have small receptive fields localized at specific positions in visual space. Moving verticall ...
Coding of Auditory-Stimulus Identity in the Auditory Non
... microelectrode (1 M⍀) at 1 kHz; FHC) seated inside a stainless steel guide tube. The electrode signal was amplified (MDA-4I, Bak Electronics) and band-pass filtered (model 3362, Krohn-Hite) between 0.6 and 6.0 kHz. Single-unit activity was isolated using a two-window, time–voltage discriminator (Mod ...
... microelectrode (1 M⍀) at 1 kHz; FHC) seated inside a stainless steel guide tube. The electrode signal was amplified (MDA-4I, Bak Electronics) and band-pass filtered (model 3362, Krohn-Hite) between 0.6 and 6.0 kHz. Single-unit activity was isolated using a two-window, time–voltage discriminator (Mod ...
The Format of the IJOPCM, first submission
... Time – Delay Single Layer Artificial Neural Network Models for Estimating Shelf Life of Burfi 1. Introduction Artificial neural network (ANN) consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons, and it processes information using a connectionist approach to computation. In most cases an ANN i ...
... Time – Delay Single Layer Artificial Neural Network Models for Estimating Shelf Life of Burfi 1. Introduction Artificial neural network (ANN) consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons, and it processes information using a connectionist approach to computation. In most cases an ANN i ...
Power Shifts Track Serial Position and Modulate Encoding in
... Because the large sample of electrodes provided an extensive coverage of the most brain regions, we were able to aggregate data across both subjects and electrodes to ascertain if there was a statistically significant effect within a given brain region (Sederberg et al. 2007a). We calculated between- ...
... Because the large sample of electrodes provided an extensive coverage of the most brain regions, we were able to aggregate data across both subjects and electrodes to ascertain if there was a statistically significant effect within a given brain region (Sederberg et al. 2007a). We calculated between- ...
Vestibular Signals of Posterior Parietal Cortex Neurons during
... intraparietal sulcus14 receives direct projections from vestibular areas and thus is part of a cortical vestibular network.15–17 This work extends our previous reports on vestibular responses in VIP.18–20 The principal aim of this study was to analyze head-movement–related signals in intraparietal v ...
... intraparietal sulcus14 receives direct projections from vestibular areas and thus is part of a cortical vestibular network.15–17 This work extends our previous reports on vestibular responses in VIP.18–20 The principal aim of this study was to analyze head-movement–related signals in intraparietal v ...
Visual Receptive Field Properties of Neurons in the Superficial
... selectivity are observed across the population and in various subtypes of SC neurons identified morphologically. In particular, orientation-selective responses are discovered in the mouse SC, and they are not affected by cortical lesion or long-term visual deprivation. However, ON/OFF characteristic ...
... selectivity are observed across the population and in various subtypes of SC neurons identified morphologically. In particular, orientation-selective responses are discovered in the mouse SC, and they are not affected by cortical lesion or long-term visual deprivation. However, ON/OFF characteristic ...
A first-principle for the nervous system
... cue stimulus. The cue stimulus is expected to induce units of internal sensations that undergo a computational process at physiological time-scales. For example, rapidly changing a general cue stimulus step-by-step towards a specific one leads to corresponding changes in the retrieved memories from ...
... cue stimulus. The cue stimulus is expected to induce units of internal sensations that undergo a computational process at physiological time-scales. For example, rapidly changing a general cue stimulus step-by-step towards a specific one leads to corresponding changes in the retrieved memories from ...
self-organising map
... •Only the winning neuron and neurons inside its neighbourhood have their weights adapted. All the other neurons have no change in their weights. •A method for deriving the weight update equations for the SOM model is based on a modified form of Hebbian learning. There is a forgetting term in the sta ...
... •Only the winning neuron and neurons inside its neighbourhood have their weights adapted. All the other neurons have no change in their weights. •A method for deriving the weight update equations for the SOM model is based on a modified form of Hebbian learning. There is a forgetting term in the sta ...
Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward
... neurons (Box 1 and Table 1) and it has been demonstrated that the TAN response to rewarding stimuli requires an intact DA input for its expression [16–18]. These results have suggested that changes in DA neuron firing that occur during learning can train TANs to respond to stimuli that become predic ...
... neurons (Box 1 and Table 1) and it has been demonstrated that the TAN response to rewarding stimuli requires an intact DA input for its expression [16–18]. These results have suggested that changes in DA neuron firing that occur during learning can train TANs to respond to stimuli that become predic ...
download file
... end-of-peak response information. From this point on, only A1 sites were analyzed. Following selection of A1 sites, basic firing properties were calculated in response to tones. Firing latency is defined as the point in time (ms) that the average firing rate (across all repeats) first exceeds 2 standard ...
... end-of-peak response information. From this point on, only A1 sites were analyzed. Following selection of A1 sites, basic firing properties were calculated in response to tones. Firing latency is defined as the point in time (ms) that the average firing rate (across all repeats) first exceeds 2 standard ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.