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... stages that approximate initial and late periods of cortical neuronal differentiation. At E13.5, Gde2–/– mutants showed an ~50% decrease of layer VI Tbr1+ neurons during the peak period of layer VI neurogenesis (Fig. 2A,A⬘,G). By E17.5, however, the numbers of Tbr1+ neurons had recovered to WT level ...
... stages that approximate initial and late periods of cortical neuronal differentiation. At E13.5, Gde2–/– mutants showed an ~50% decrease of layer VI Tbr1+ neurons during the peak period of layer VI neurogenesis (Fig. 2A,A⬘,G). By E17.5, however, the numbers of Tbr1+ neurons had recovered to WT level ...
Hold your horses: A dynamic computational role
... the subsequent command. Consistent with this idea, motor cortical neurons that send their main axons to the pyramidal tract (and therefore directly involved in movement) also send collaterals only to NoGo-type striatal cells (Lei, Jiao, Del Mar, & Reiner, 2004), which would then act to suppress/term ...
... the subsequent command. Consistent with this idea, motor cortical neurons that send their main axons to the pyramidal tract (and therefore directly involved in movement) also send collaterals only to NoGo-type striatal cells (Lei, Jiao, Del Mar, & Reiner, 2004), which would then act to suppress/term ...
The Role of Dorsal Columns Pathway in Visceral Pain
... loop that, when activated, can potentiate responses to noxious visceral stimuli. To test this hypothesis visceromotor reflex EMG activity evoked by CRD was recorded under control conditions and after colon inflammation while the effect of DC and ventrolateral lesions was examined (Paleček and Willis ...
... loop that, when activated, can potentiate responses to noxious visceral stimuli. To test this hypothesis visceromotor reflex EMG activity evoked by CRD was recorded under control conditions and after colon inflammation while the effect of DC and ventrolateral lesions was examined (Paleček and Willis ...
Movement-Related Neuronal Activity Selectively - Research
... motor area (SMA), primary motor cortex (MC), and putamen was studied in monkeys performing a visuomotor tracking task designed to determine 1) the extent to which neuronal activity in each of these areas represented the direction of visually guided arm movements versus the pattern of muscle activity ...
... motor area (SMA), primary motor cortex (MC), and putamen was studied in monkeys performing a visuomotor tracking task designed to determine 1) the extent to which neuronal activity in each of these areas represented the direction of visually guided arm movements versus the pattern of muscle activity ...
Burst Firing and Modulation of Functional Connectivity in Cat Striate
... schemes but also in elucidating mechanisms by which these schemes can be decoded. Even though more information could be encoded in random patterns that are measured very precisely, the time constants of pyramidal cortical neurons (e.g., 7.3 { 2.9 ms for dendrites and 16 { 5.3 ms for the soma; means ...
... schemes but also in elucidating mechanisms by which these schemes can be decoded. Even though more information could be encoded in random patterns that are measured very precisely, the time constants of pyramidal cortical neurons (e.g., 7.3 { 2.9 ms for dendrites and 16 { 5.3 ms for the soma; means ...
Anat3_08_Autonomic_Nervous_System1
... salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, micturition (urination), and sexual arousal. Most autonomous functions are involuntary. Some ANS actions can work with some degree of conscious control: Breathing Swallowing ...
... salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, micturition (urination), and sexual arousal. Most autonomous functions are involuntary. Some ANS actions can work with some degree of conscious control: Breathing Swallowing ...
From the Eye to the Brain: Development of the Drosophila
... columnar structures resulting from the columnar inputs of the medulla neurons (Fischbach & Dittrich, 1989). Almost all lobula cells are projection neurons whose cell bodies are located between the CB and the lobula neuropil. Interestingly, despite the cell bodies’ varying distance to the lobula, the ...
... columnar structures resulting from the columnar inputs of the medulla neurons (Fischbach & Dittrich, 1989). Almost all lobula cells are projection neurons whose cell bodies are located between the CB and the lobula neuropil. Interestingly, despite the cell bodies’ varying distance to the lobula, the ...
PDF - Molecules and Cells
... tract of females carrying CG3542-LexA, LexAOP-FLP, ppkGAL4, and UAS-FRT-stop-FRT-mCD8-EGFP. Remarkably, we were only able to detect 2-3 EGFP-positive neurons per female genital tract (Fig. 3F): two in the lateral oviduct (Fig. 3F′) and one in the middle oviduct near the spermatheca (Fig. 3F′′). The ...
... tract of females carrying CG3542-LexA, LexAOP-FLP, ppkGAL4, and UAS-FRT-stop-FRT-mCD8-EGFP. Remarkably, we were only able to detect 2-3 EGFP-positive neurons per female genital tract (Fig. 3F): two in the lateral oviduct (Fig. 3F′) and one in the middle oviduct near the spermatheca (Fig. 3F′′). The ...
ling411-16 - Rice University
... subdivided into functional columns on the basis of additional features That is, this columnar structure is representing categories and subcategories ...
... subdivided into functional columns on the basis of additional features That is, this columnar structure is representing categories and subcategories ...
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... differentiated from grafted stem cells will become incorporated into circuits that support important neurological functions. This “therapeutic” integration may proceed either via the replacement of dead neurons by graft-derived, differentiated nerve cells or via the assumption of trophic and other n ...
... differentiated from grafted stem cells will become incorporated into circuits that support important neurological functions. This “therapeutic” integration may proceed either via the replacement of dead neurons by graft-derived, differentiated nerve cells or via the assumption of trophic and other n ...
Chapter 36 Locomotion
... the neural mechanisms for walking. Instead, research on motor systems focused on the organization of spinal reflex pathways and the mechanisms of synaptic integration within the spinal cord (see Chapter 35). Modern research on the neural control of locomotion dates from the 1960s and two major exper ...
... the neural mechanisms for walking. Instead, research on motor systems focused on the organization of spinal reflex pathways and the mechanisms of synaptic integration within the spinal cord (see Chapter 35). Modern research on the neural control of locomotion dates from the 1960s and two major exper ...
Layer-Specific Markers as Probes for Neuron Type Identity in
... abundant class, accounting for 75% to 85% of cortical neurons, whereas nonpyramidal neurons account for 15% to 25% (34, 35). Neurons of the same type frequently occupy the same cortical layer or layers, such as Betz cells (corticospinal neurons) in layer 5 of the motor cortex. In turn, the character ...
... abundant class, accounting for 75% to 85% of cortical neurons, whereas nonpyramidal neurons account for 15% to 25% (34, 35). Neurons of the same type frequently occupy the same cortical layer or layers, such as Betz cells (corticospinal neurons) in layer 5 of the motor cortex. In turn, the character ...
Neural Correlates of Vibrissa Resonance: Band
... Vibrissa resonance has several potentially important neural coding implications. Neural transmission of vibrissa inputs begins in the peripheral input nerve, the trigeminal ganglion (NV), and is relayed somatotopically via the brainstem (Minnery and Simons, 2003) and thalamus (Diamond, 1995) to the ...
... Vibrissa resonance has several potentially important neural coding implications. Neural transmission of vibrissa inputs begins in the peripheral input nerve, the trigeminal ganglion (NV), and is relayed somatotopically via the brainstem (Minnery and Simons, 2003) and thalamus (Diamond, 1995) to the ...
A Physiologically Plausible Model of Action Selection
... Each BG component of the functional anatomy in Figure 1 defines a neuron population in the model (five populations in all). For all simulations reported in this paper, we used N ⫽ 3 channels, each with n ⫽ 64 neurons per channel, making a total of 192 neurons per population. We denote these populati ...
... Each BG component of the functional anatomy in Figure 1 defines a neuron population in the model (five populations in all). For all simulations reported in this paper, we used N ⫽ 3 channels, each with n ⫽ 64 neurons per channel, making a total of 192 neurons per population. We denote these populati ...
Time Constants of h Current in Layer II Stellate Cells... along the Dorsal to Ventral Axis of Medial Entorhinal Cortex
... membrane potential oscillations during current-clamp recording in stellate cells have been previously described (Giocomo et al., 2007). Briefly, continuous recordings were made and current was injected at a variety of levels (1–1000 pA) until the cell was near firing threshold. To analyze the freque ...
... membrane potential oscillations during current-clamp recording in stellate cells have been previously described (Giocomo et al., 2007). Briefly, continuous recordings were made and current was injected at a variety of levels (1–1000 pA) until the cell was near firing threshold. To analyze the freque ...
neurophysics.ucsd.edu
... precision to prevent blockages of the airway and other maladaptive interactions. For example, the feeding process (eating, drinking, and swallowing) involves spatiotemporally coordinated activities of more than 26 pairs of muscles and five cranial nerves to ensure proper breakdown of food, transfer ...
... precision to prevent blockages of the airway and other maladaptive interactions. For example, the feeding process (eating, drinking, and swallowing) involves spatiotemporally coordinated activities of more than 26 pairs of muscles and five cranial nerves to ensure proper breakdown of food, transfer ...
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... to a few well-known limitations in prior neural network models (e.g., see the array of criticisms by Marvin Minsky in Minsky, 1991). Weng (2011) argued that we have overcome such limitations. The motivational systems are often referred to as diffuse systems in the sense that each modulatory neuron i ...
... to a few well-known limitations in prior neural network models (e.g., see the array of criticisms by Marvin Minsky in Minsky, 1991). Weng (2011) argued that we have overcome such limitations. The motivational systems are often referred to as diffuse systems in the sense that each modulatory neuron i ...
Spatial tuning of reaching activity in the medial parieto
... We recorded neural activity from the medial parieto-occipital area V6A while three monkeys performed an instructed-delay reaching task in the dark. Targets to be reached were in different spatial positions. Neural discharges were recorded during reaching movements directed outward from the body (tow ...
... We recorded neural activity from the medial parieto-occipital area V6A while three monkeys performed an instructed-delay reaching task in the dark. Targets to be reached were in different spatial positions. Neural discharges were recorded during reaching movements directed outward from the body (tow ...
Physiological origins and functional correlates of EEG rhythmic
... projected to functionally related pools of cortical cells. These cells respond collectively with summated membrane oscillations resulting in rhythmic field potentials, which can be recorded as EEG rhythms at the cortical surface. Thus, when VB cells become hyperpolarized and initiate bursting ...
... projected to functionally related pools of cortical cells. These cells respond collectively with summated membrane oscillations resulting in rhythmic field potentials, which can be recorded as EEG rhythms at the cortical surface. Thus, when VB cells become hyperpolarized and initiate bursting ...
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... length, branch number, and dendritic end number for each eGFPþ neuron. Neurons were selected for analysis based on expression of eGFP throughout the cell body and its processes. Cells were excluded if they exhibit excessive overlapping with adjacent eGFP expressing neurons, their morphology is not i ...
... length, branch number, and dendritic end number for each eGFPþ neuron. Neurons were selected for analysis based on expression of eGFP throughout the cell body and its processes. Cells were excluded if they exhibit excessive overlapping with adjacent eGFP expressing neurons, their morphology is not i ...
Stimulation Within the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Can Evoke
... neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 229–235, 1997. The inhibitory responses of identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) to stimulation within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were studied to determine their nature and pharmacology. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were made fr ...
... neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 229–235, 1997. The inhibitory responses of identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) to stimulation within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were studied to determine their nature and pharmacology. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were made fr ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.