Bio Chap 15 - mlfarrispsych
... escapes from persistent abuse. Alters can differ in handedness, response to medications, immune reactions, and physiological measures such as heart rate. The hippocampus increases and decreases activity when switching, consistent with Bowen’s view that state-dependent learning is involved. ...
... escapes from persistent abuse. Alters can differ in handedness, response to medications, immune reactions, and physiological measures such as heart rate. The hippocampus increases and decreases activity when switching, consistent with Bowen’s view that state-dependent learning is involved. ...
local connectivity between neurons of the rat globus pallidus
... neurons are in a position to form synapses with 14-55 neurons through their proximal axonal arborisation. This represents between 30% and 100% of the neurons within the volume occupied by the proximal axonal arborisation and between 6 and 24% of the neurons located within the dendritic arborisation ...
... neurons are in a position to form synapses with 14-55 neurons through their proximal axonal arborisation. This represents between 30% and 100% of the neurons within the volume occupied by the proximal axonal arborisation and between 6 and 24% of the neurons located within the dendritic arborisation ...
Neural correlates for perception of 3d surface orientation from texture
... could thus correctly perform the crossmatching of texture and disparity gradients even with novel orientations (tests 1 and 3) and patterns (tests 2 and 3) without training. Monkeys regarded texture and disparity gradients as equivalent depth cues, and they perceived a 3D surface orientation from te ...
... could thus correctly perform the crossmatching of texture and disparity gradients even with novel orientations (tests 1 and 3) and patterns (tests 2 and 3) without training. Monkeys regarded texture and disparity gradients as equivalent depth cues, and they perceived a 3D surface orientation from te ...
Synaptic Transmission between Dorsal Root Ganglion and Dorsal
... of divalent cations presumably reflects an increase in the spike threshold of all neurons in the culture (Frankenhaeuser and Hodgkin, 1957; Yellen, 1984) and a consequent blockade of polysynaptic pathways. DRG-evoked EPSPs were therefore classified as monosynaptic if their latencies were constant, i ...
... of divalent cations presumably reflects an increase in the spike threshold of all neurons in the culture (Frankenhaeuser and Hodgkin, 1957; Yellen, 1984) and a consequent blockade of polysynaptic pathways. DRG-evoked EPSPs were therefore classified as monosynaptic if their latencies were constant, i ...
A COMMON REFERENCE FRAME FOR MOVEMENT PLANS IN
... ahead. On the other hand, relative to your left arm, which is by your side, the coffee is to the right. The cup’s location can also be described in a reference frame that depends on the external world rather than the location of your body; for example, relative to its position on the table. Being ab ...
... ahead. On the other hand, relative to your left arm, which is by your side, the coffee is to the right. The cup’s location can also be described in a reference frame that depends on the external world rather than the location of your body; for example, relative to its position on the table. Being ab ...
Loss of IP receptor function in neuropeptide Drosophila
... Discussion and conclusions Insulin-like peptides (ILPs), which are secreted by a subset of the medial neurosecretory cells in the brain (Figure 1), regulate lipid homeostasis in the fat body cells of adult Drosophila [22,23]. The obese phenotype observed in adult itpr mutants suggested a role for IP ...
... Discussion and conclusions Insulin-like peptides (ILPs), which are secreted by a subset of the medial neurosecretory cells in the brain (Figure 1), regulate lipid homeostasis in the fat body cells of adult Drosophila [22,23]. The obese phenotype observed in adult itpr mutants suggested a role for IP ...
NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS NEURONAL ACTIVITY DURING A
... (CS) capable of evoking a conditioned response (CR) (Rescorla, 1988). In this fundamental form of learning the CS does not just evoke an automatic CR but is endowed with motivational value much like the US, such that the CS can support new learning (Gewirtz & Davis, 2000; Rizley & Rescorla, 1972). C ...
... (CS) capable of evoking a conditioned response (CR) (Rescorla, 1988). In this fundamental form of learning the CS does not just evoke an automatic CR but is endowed with motivational value much like the US, such that the CS can support new learning (Gewirtz & Davis, 2000; Rizley & Rescorla, 1972). C ...
Efficient coding and the neural representation of value
... useful heuristic with which to systematically consider the various functional roles of value-related activity and contextual modulation that we discuss later. However, it is important to note that this heuristic can serve only as a very general guide, and some experimental findings do not fit neatly ...
... useful heuristic with which to systematically consider the various functional roles of value-related activity and contextual modulation that we discuss later. However, it is important to note that this heuristic can serve only as a very general guide, and some experimental findings do not fit neatly ...
State-Dependent Computation Using Coupled Recurrent Networks
... 2.3 Combining Two Recurrent Maps. A single recurrent map consists of multiple inhibitory and excitatory feedback loops, and it can thus, in principle, give rise to oscillatory or chaotic activity (Strogatz, 1994; Wolfram, 1984). Here, we focus on a range of parameters that result in a steady state w ...
... 2.3 Combining Two Recurrent Maps. A single recurrent map consists of multiple inhibitory and excitatory feedback loops, and it can thus, in principle, give rise to oscillatory or chaotic activity (Strogatz, 1994; Wolfram, 1984). Here, we focus on a range of parameters that result in a steady state w ...
Reduced BOLD response to periodic visual stimulation
... course, repetitive aperiodic stimulation will also produce synchronous firing with a frequency profile reflecting that of the stimulus. However, periodic stimulation also produces entrainment, where the bursts of firing increase in amplitude over the first few hundred milliseconds of stimulation, an ...
... course, repetitive aperiodic stimulation will also produce synchronous firing with a frequency profile reflecting that of the stimulus. However, periodic stimulation also produces entrainment, where the bursts of firing increase in amplitude over the first few hundred milliseconds of stimulation, an ...
Sodium channel expression in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of
... The abnormal expression of Nav1.3 in third-order neurons suggests a mechanism whereby injury to a peripheral nerve can propagate pathological molecular changes to sequentially-ordered upstream targets. Second-order dorsal horn nociceptive neurons receive input from the periphery via the dorsal root ...
... The abnormal expression of Nav1.3 in third-order neurons suggests a mechanism whereby injury to a peripheral nerve can propagate pathological molecular changes to sequentially-ordered upstream targets. Second-order dorsal horn nociceptive neurons receive input from the periphery via the dorsal root ...
Viral vector-based tools advance knowledge of basal ganglia
... motivational, and cognitive functions, and it also has a role in drug addiction and psychiatric disorders (Bourdy and Barrot 2012; Wang and Tsien 2011). Initially, knowledge about the functions of BG nuclei was based on observations and symptoms associated with neurodegenerative disorders (Wilson 19 ...
... motivational, and cognitive functions, and it also has a role in drug addiction and psychiatric disorders (Bourdy and Barrot 2012; Wang and Tsien 2011). Initially, knowledge about the functions of BG nuclei was based on observations and symptoms associated with neurodegenerative disorders (Wilson 19 ...
relation between cell size and response characteristics of
... the cell body and the axonal diameter of LVN neurons (Deiters, 1865) and physiologic measurements of axonal conduction velocity of LVN neurons activated antidromically from the lumbar cord (Ito et al., 1964; Wilson et al., 1967; Akaike et al., 1973) have confirmed this finding. Finally, these two ne ...
... the cell body and the axonal diameter of LVN neurons (Deiters, 1865) and physiologic measurements of axonal conduction velocity of LVN neurons activated antidromically from the lumbar cord (Ito et al., 1964; Wilson et al., 1967; Akaike et al., 1973) have confirmed this finding. Finally, these two ne ...
Extended PDF
... neurogenic phase, RGPs are believed to divide asymmetrically to produce neurons either directly or indirectly through transient amplifying progenitors, such as intermediate progenitors (IPs) (Florio and Huttner, 2014). Consecutive waves of neurogenesis lead to the formation of cortical layers in an ...
... neurogenic phase, RGPs are believed to divide asymmetrically to produce neurons either directly or indirectly through transient amplifying progenitors, such as intermediate progenitors (IPs) (Florio and Huttner, 2014). Consecutive waves of neurogenesis lead to the formation of cortical layers in an ...
The dynamic spatio-temporal behavior of visual responses in
... evidence accumulated not later than around 1970 [6,57,61,72], indicate that visual information processing must be a process utilizing recurrent loops and involving massive dynamic interactions. It is thus puzzling that visual cortical receptive fields were for a very long time regarded as rather sta ...
... evidence accumulated not later than around 1970 [6,57,61,72], indicate that visual information processing must be a process utilizing recurrent loops and involving massive dynamic interactions. It is thus puzzling that visual cortical receptive fields were for a very long time regarded as rather sta ...
Computing with Spiking Neuron Networks
... non-exhaustive outline, a neuron can generate an action potential – the spike – at the soma, the cell body of the neuron. This brief electric pulse (1 or 2ms duration) then travels along the neuron’s axon, that in turn is linked up to the receiving end of other neurons, the dendrites (see Figure 1, ...
... non-exhaustive outline, a neuron can generate an action potential – the spike – at the soma, the cell body of the neuron. This brief electric pulse (1 or 2ms duration) then travels along the neuron’s axon, that in turn is linked up to the receiving end of other neurons, the dendrites (see Figure 1, ...
Leech Heart CPG
... Fig 5. From Jezzini, 2004. The electrical activity of 3 heart interneurons recorded extracellularly from a chain of ganglia (head brain to G4). The heart interneurons are labeled HN and are indexed by body side and midbody ganglion number [e.g., HN(L,3)]. Phase (Φx) of an interneuron X with respect ...
... Fig 5. From Jezzini, 2004. The electrical activity of 3 heart interneurons recorded extracellularly from a chain of ganglia (head brain to G4). The heart interneurons are labeled HN and are indexed by body side and midbody ganglion number [e.g., HN(L,3)]. Phase (Φx) of an interneuron X with respect ...
A review of alpha activity in integrative brain function: Fundamental
... (event-related oscillations, phase- or time-locked to a sensory or cognitive event). Among other approaches, it is possible to investigate such oscillations by frequency domain analysis of event-related potential (ERP), based on the following hypothesis: The EEG consists of the activity of an ensemb ...
... (event-related oscillations, phase- or time-locked to a sensory or cognitive event). Among other approaches, it is possible to investigate such oscillations by frequency domain analysis of event-related potential (ERP), based on the following hypothesis: The EEG consists of the activity of an ensemb ...
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF VISUAL-SACCADIC DECISION MAKING
... action to be executed by the neural and vascular systems of the body. For Aristotle the physiological systems of the body could, in this regard, be divided into sensory and motor divisions, which were causally linked by the nonphysical processes that took place in the human heart. In the second cent ...
... action to be executed by the neural and vascular systems of the body. For Aristotle the physiological systems of the body could, in this regard, be divided into sensory and motor divisions, which were causally linked by the nonphysical processes that took place in the human heart. In the second cent ...
Grid Cell Firing May Arise From Interference of Theta Frequency
... dynamics (Fuhs and Touretzky, 2006) cannot be derived from the constraints of this data on intrinsic oscillation frequency, and do not account for it in their present form. As shown in Figure 2, this model effectively links the frequency of mpo (Fig. 1A) to the grid cell field spacing (Hafting et al. ...
... dynamics (Fuhs and Touretzky, 2006) cannot be derived from the constraints of this data on intrinsic oscillation frequency, and do not account for it in their present form. As shown in Figure 2, this model effectively links the frequency of mpo (Fig. 1A) to the grid cell field spacing (Hafting et al. ...
“Congruent” and “Opposite” Neurons: Sisters for Multisensory
... However, multisensory integration is only half of the story of multisensory information processing, which works well when the sensory cues are originated from the same object. In cases where the sensory cues originate from different objects, the brain should segregate, rather than integrate, the cue ...
... However, multisensory integration is only half of the story of multisensory information processing, which works well when the sensory cues are originated from the same object. In cases where the sensory cues originate from different objects, the brain should segregate, rather than integrate, the cue ...
The neuronal structure of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the
... rounded nerve cells with numerous (4–7) dendritic trunks and the triangular neurons. Less frequently there are the fusiform neurons, with diametrically arising dendrites (4%), and sporadically there are observed the pear shaped nerve cells with characteristic features of interneurons (1% of total nu ...
... rounded nerve cells with numerous (4–7) dendritic trunks and the triangular neurons. Less frequently there are the fusiform neurons, with diametrically arising dendrites (4%), and sporadically there are observed the pear shaped nerve cells with characteristic features of interneurons (1% of total nu ...
Emergence of new signal-primitives in neural systems
... Emergence is the process by which new structures and functions come into being. There are two fundamental, but complementary, conceptions of emergence: combinatoric emergence, wherein novelty arises by new combinations of pre-existing elements, and creative emergence, wherein novelty arises by de no ...
... Emergence is the process by which new structures and functions come into being. There are two fundamental, but complementary, conceptions of emergence: combinatoric emergence, wherein novelty arises by new combinations of pre-existing elements, and creative emergence, wherein novelty arises by de no ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.