Midbrain fMRI: Applications, Limitations and Challenges
... In recent years, the development of MRI protocols suitable to visualize differ ent mesencephalic nuclei was mainly driven by the goal to characterize structural changes in neurodegenerative pathology, such as Parkinson’s disease, or to localize targets for stereotactic neurosurgery. More recently, ...
... In recent years, the development of MRI protocols suitable to visualize differ ent mesencephalic nuclei was mainly driven by the goal to characterize structural changes in neurodegenerative pathology, such as Parkinson’s disease, or to localize targets for stereotactic neurosurgery. More recently, ...
Broken Mirrors: A Theory of Autism
... Giacomo Rizzolatti, Leonardo Fogassi and Vittorio Gallese, on page 54]. Researchers have known for decades that certain neurons in the premotor cortex— part of the brain’s frontal lobe — are involved in controlling voluntary movements. For instance, one neuron will fire when the monkey reaches for a ...
... Giacomo Rizzolatti, Leonardo Fogassi and Vittorio Gallese, on page 54]. Researchers have known for decades that certain neurons in the premotor cortex— part of the brain’s frontal lobe — are involved in controlling voluntary movements. For instance, one neuron will fire when the monkey reaches for a ...
Physiological Patterns in the Hippocampo
... theta-modulated (Mitchell and Ranck, 1980; Alonso and GarciaAustt, 1987a,b; Stewart et al., 1992). Current source density analysis demonstrates that theta field potentials reverse across layer II (Alonso and Garcia-Austt, 1987a; Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998a), indicating that synchronous synaptic inpu ...
... theta-modulated (Mitchell and Ranck, 1980; Alonso and GarciaAustt, 1987a,b; Stewart et al., 1992). Current source density analysis demonstrates that theta field potentials reverse across layer II (Alonso and Garcia-Austt, 1987a; Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998a), indicating that synchronous synaptic inpu ...
Biosc_48_Chapter_9_lecture
... Sympathetic Division 1. Preganglionic neurons orginate from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. a. Also called the thoracolumbar division 2. Preganglionic neurons synapse in sympathetic ganglia that run parallel to the spinal cord. a. These are called the paravertebral ganglia. b. T ...
... Sympathetic Division 1. Preganglionic neurons orginate from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. a. Also called the thoracolumbar division 2. Preganglionic neurons synapse in sympathetic ganglia that run parallel to the spinal cord. a. These are called the paravertebral ganglia. b. T ...
Effective connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus
... inactive component (Fig. 1). Note that STN neurons preferentially fire during the active component of the slow oscillation (Magill et al. 2001; Walters et al. 2007; Mallet et al. 2008a). Neurons of the same type tend to fire together, with small phase differences, whereas different types of neuron t ...
... inactive component (Fig. 1). Note that STN neurons preferentially fire during the active component of the slow oscillation (Magill et al. 2001; Walters et al. 2007; Mallet et al. 2008a). Neurons of the same type tend to fire together, with small phase differences, whereas different types of neuron t ...
The NEURON Simulation Environment
... the implementation of the built−in integrate and fire models, but these topics are beyond the scope of this paper. NEURON’s strategy for dealing with synaptic connections emerged from techniques initially developed by Destexhe et al. (1994) and Lytton (1996). This strategy is based on a very simple ...
... the implementation of the built−in integrate and fire models, but these topics are beyond the scope of this paper. NEURON’s strategy for dealing with synaptic connections emerged from techniques initially developed by Destexhe et al. (1994) and Lytton (1996). This strategy is based on a very simple ...
Congruent Activity during Action and Action Observation in Motor
... consistent during both observation and movement. Furthermore, we find that the presence of a visual target is necessary to elicit this congruent neural activity during observation. These findings along with results from our analysis of the oscillatory power in the beta frequency of the local field p ...
... consistent during both observation and movement. Furthermore, we find that the presence of a visual target is necessary to elicit this congruent neural activity during observation. These findings along with results from our analysis of the oscillatory power in the beta frequency of the local field p ...
Volume and Number of Neurons of the Human
... Indexing terms: cortex; memory; stereology; neurobiology ...
... Indexing terms: cortex; memory; stereology; neurobiology ...
14132.full - Explore Bristol Research
... 5 s of the spike activity were analyzed. Spontaneous activity measured 5 or 10 s before the onset of the stimulus was subtracted from responses to innocuous and noxious stimuli, respectively. Responses of class 4 spinoolivary neurons were elicited by manual full ankle joint rotation (class 4 neurons ...
... 5 s of the spike activity were analyzed. Spontaneous activity measured 5 or 10 s before the onset of the stimulus was subtracted from responses to innocuous and noxious stimuli, respectively. Responses of class 4 spinoolivary neurons were elicited by manual full ankle joint rotation (class 4 neurons ...
A Review of Cell Assemblies by Huyck and
... concept of dog is neurally implemented by a set of their neurons, their dog CA. CAs encode elements of higher cognitive processes like words, mental images and other types of concepts. The standard model, derived directly from Hebb (1949), is that these neurons have high mutual synaptic strength. Wh ...
... concept of dog is neurally implemented by a set of their neurons, their dog CA. CAs encode elements of higher cognitive processes like words, mental images and other types of concepts. The standard model, derived directly from Hebb (1949), is that these neurons have high mutual synaptic strength. Wh ...
Differential responses in three thalamic nuclei in moderately
... areas of the cerebral cortex; that neurons in the lateral posterior nucleus (LPN) project to the cortex of association sensory areas posterior to the postcentral gyrus (Brodmann area 5); and that the dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) is both the terminal field of fibres from the olfactory cortex and amygdal ...
... areas of the cerebral cortex; that neurons in the lateral posterior nucleus (LPN) project to the cortex of association sensory areas posterior to the postcentral gyrus (Brodmann area 5); and that the dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) is both the terminal field of fibres from the olfactory cortex and amygdal ...
Proceedings from the 2015 UK-Korea Neuroscience Symposium
... controlled method to resolve synapses at the level of LM, termed mammalian GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (mGRASP), is synapse-specific labeling with two complementary GFP components. mGRASP is based on two non-fluorescent splitGFP fragments (called spGFP1-10 and spGFP11) tethered to sy ...
... controlled method to resolve synapses at the level of LM, termed mammalian GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (mGRASP), is synapse-specific labeling with two complementary GFP components. mGRASP is based on two non-fluorescent splitGFP fragments (called spGFP1-10 and spGFP11) tethered to sy ...
Lemniscal recurrent and transcortical influences on
... neurons, on 32 out of 55 CL cells and on eight out of 29 nCL neurons tested. The mean latency of these synaptic responses was 2±0.5 ms (mean ± SD). To uncover the presumed recurrent EPSPs, positive current was injected through the recording electrode since sustained membrane hyperpolarization induce ...
... neurons, on 32 out of 55 CL cells and on eight out of 29 nCL neurons tested. The mean latency of these synaptic responses was 2±0.5 ms (mean ± SD). To uncover the presumed recurrent EPSPs, positive current was injected through the recording electrode since sustained membrane hyperpolarization induce ...
Development of the Auditory Areas
... we provide a comprehensive analysis of areas TEl, TE2, and TE3. Five sections were chosen for quantitative analysis, ranging from Pellegrino et aI's. (1979) level A3A anteriorly (Fig. 12-1A) to level POA posteriorly (drawings, Figs. 12-5 and 12-6). Area TEl extends longitudinally from levels A3.2 to ...
... we provide a comprehensive analysis of areas TEl, TE2, and TE3. Five sections were chosen for quantitative analysis, ranging from Pellegrino et aI's. (1979) level A3A anteriorly (Fig. 12-1A) to level POA posteriorly (drawings, Figs. 12-5 and 12-6). Area TEl extends longitudinally from levels A3.2 to ...
Neurofeedback Treatment of Epilepsy
... changing the amounts of excitation and stimulation in simulated neural networks, one can induce synchronous bursting behavior of large neural networks (the hallmark of epilepsy).23 In an animal model of epilepsy (low-magnesium), Nyikos et al24 have shown that recurrent seizure-like events in brain s ...
... changing the amounts of excitation and stimulation in simulated neural networks, one can induce synchronous bursting behavior of large neural networks (the hallmark of epilepsy).23 In an animal model of epilepsy (low-magnesium), Nyikos et al24 have shown that recurrent seizure-like events in brain s ...
REVIEWS - Institute for Applied Psychometrics
... involves the basal ganglia and related cortical structures. Because these two timing systems work in parallel, suitable experimental controls might be required to engage (and reveal) each system independently of the other68,69. ...
... involves the basal ganglia and related cortical structures. Because these two timing systems work in parallel, suitable experimental controls might be required to engage (and reveal) each system independently of the other68,69. ...
Subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the prefrontal cortex
... During goal-directed behavior, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) exerts top-down control over numerous cortical and subcortical regions. PFC dysfunction has been linked to many disorders that involve deficits in cognitive performance, attention, motivation, and/or impulse control. A common theme among the ...
... During goal-directed behavior, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) exerts top-down control over numerous cortical and subcortical regions. PFC dysfunction has been linked to many disorders that involve deficits in cognitive performance, attention, motivation, and/or impulse control. A common theme among the ...
Full text
... located in this area can be involved in some other regulations associated with the somatotrophic axis. Such implications were shown in our previous study in which nutritional manipulations increased activity of this population of NPY-positive neurons and a decrease in hypothalamic somatostatin outpu ...
... located in this area can be involved in some other regulations associated with the somatotrophic axis. Such implications were shown in our previous study in which nutritional manipulations increased activity of this population of NPY-positive neurons and a decrease in hypothalamic somatostatin outpu ...
Evolutionary Connectionism and Mind/Brain Modularity - laral
... populations of neural networks, instead of being arbitrarily hardwired in the neural networks by the researcher, but it makes it possible to explore all sorts of interactions between evolution at the population level and learning at the level of the individual that determine the actual phenotype. Ev ...
... populations of neural networks, instead of being arbitrarily hardwired in the neural networks by the researcher, but it makes it possible to explore all sorts of interactions between evolution at the population level and learning at the level of the individual that determine the actual phenotype. Ev ...
Evolutionary Connectionism and Mind/Brain Modularity - laral
... populations of neural networks, instead of being arbitrarily hardwired in the neural networks by the researcher, but it makes it possible to explore all sorts of interactions between evolution at the population level and learning at the level of the individual that determine the actual phenotype. Ev ...
... populations of neural networks, instead of being arbitrarily hardwired in the neural networks by the researcher, but it makes it possible to explore all sorts of interactions between evolution at the population level and learning at the level of the individual that determine the actual phenotype. Ev ...
Membrane Properties Underlying the Firing of Neurons in the Avian
... potential, the arrival rate is at least equal to the neuron’s discharge rate. Moreover, because an NM neuron is innervated by 2-3 VIIIth nerve afferents (Hackett et al., 1982; Jackson and Parks, 1982) and because each fiber can discharge at a maximum sustained rate of approximately 400 Hz (Manley et ...
... potential, the arrival rate is at least equal to the neuron’s discharge rate. Moreover, because an NM neuron is innervated by 2-3 VIIIth nerve afferents (Hackett et al., 1982; Jackson and Parks, 1982) and because each fiber can discharge at a maximum sustained rate of approximately 400 Hz (Manley et ...
Modulation of Responses of Feline Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract
... prominent intermediate zone group II field potentials in middle parts of Rexed laminae V–VII where group I field potentials from the dissected nerves appeared. They were identified according to the following criteria: (1) The ascending axonal projection of all neurons was established by antidromic i ...
... prominent intermediate zone group II field potentials in middle parts of Rexed laminae V–VII where group I field potentials from the dissected nerves appeared. They were identified according to the following criteria: (1) The ascending axonal projection of all neurons was established by antidromic i ...
Descending Systems Translate Transient Cortical Commands into a
... Controlling motor actions requires online adjustments of timevarying parameters. Although numerous studies have attempted to identify the parameters coded in different motor sites, the relationships between the temporal profile of neuronal responses and the dynamics of motor behavior remain poorly u ...
... Controlling motor actions requires online adjustments of timevarying parameters. Although numerous studies have attempted to identify the parameters coded in different motor sites, the relationships between the temporal profile of neuronal responses and the dynamics of motor behavior remain poorly u ...
The rhinal cortices: a wall of inhibition between the
... fluorescent signal during neuronal depolarization. The optical system was centered on the square area illustrated on the drawing of the ventral view of the brain (upper left) and on the high-definition photograph (upper middle panel). The anatomical borders of the ERC and PRC are outlined in the upp ...
... fluorescent signal during neuronal depolarization. The optical system was centered on the square area illustrated on the drawing of the ventral view of the brain (upper left) and on the high-definition photograph (upper middle panel). The anatomical borders of the ERC and PRC are outlined in the upp ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.