Neurons in the Most Superficial Lamina of the Mouse Superior
... easily from anatomical projection patterns, in part because different RGC subtypes often project to the same SGS sublaminae. For example, the upper SGS, in addition to receiving DS input from DRD4 and other types of RGCs (Kay et al., 2011), is also the primary, if not exclusive, target of the W3 RGC ...
... easily from anatomical projection patterns, in part because different RGC subtypes often project to the same SGS sublaminae. For example, the upper SGS, in addition to receiving DS input from DRD4 and other types of RGCs (Kay et al., 2011), is also the primary, if not exclusive, target of the W3 RGC ...
Neuronal Interaction Dynamics in Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... light at varied separations (Fig. 1 B) onto this subspace by analyzing DPAs weighted with the responses to composite stimuli. Distance-dependent deviations of the DPAs from the superposition of the corresponding elementary components reveal insight into interaction processes within the representatio ...
... light at varied separations (Fig. 1 B) onto this subspace by analyzing DPAs weighted with the responses to composite stimuli. Distance-dependent deviations of the DPAs from the superposition of the corresponding elementary components reveal insight into interaction processes within the representatio ...
Different Stimuli, Different Spatial Codes: A Visual Map and an
... not been reported in the primate brain. Instead, recent studies have suggested that sound location may be encoded via broadly responsive neurons whose firing rates vary roughly proportionately with sound azimuth. Within frontal space, maps and such rate codes involve different response patterns at t ...
... not been reported in the primate brain. Instead, recent studies have suggested that sound location may be encoded via broadly responsive neurons whose firing rates vary roughly proportionately with sound azimuth. Within frontal space, maps and such rate codes involve different response patterns at t ...
Distinct Representations and Theta Dynamics in Dorsal and Ventral
... al., 2006). Only clusters with clear boundaries in at least one of the projections were included in the database (supplemental Fig. 1, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). Criteria for neuron type classification of unit clusters into putative pyramidal cells and interneurons are ...
... al., 2006). Only clusters with clear boundaries in at least one of the projections were included in the database (supplemental Fig. 1, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). Criteria for neuron type classification of unit clusters into putative pyramidal cells and interneurons are ...
Diversity and wiring variability of visual local neurons in the
... types of neuron, having branches that are extensive yet limited to the region (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Morante and Desplan, 2008; Raghu and Borst, 2011; Raghu et al., 2011, 2013). Few of their arborizations display layer specificity (e.g., Dm1 and Dm6 in M1; Pm1 and Pm2 in M9), leaving open th ...
... types of neuron, having branches that are extensive yet limited to the region (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Morante and Desplan, 2008; Raghu and Borst, 2011; Raghu et al., 2011, 2013). Few of their arborizations display layer specificity (e.g., Dm1 and Dm6 in M1; Pm1 and Pm2 in M9), leaving open th ...
Massively Parallel Recording of Unit and Local Field
... activity and as many as 20 unit clusters could be separated by a single shank in the neocortex. Because the two-dimensional spatial position of the recorded units can be precisely determined with the 96-site probes, these measurements will allow for quantitative studies of the intra- and inter-colum ...
... activity and as many as 20 unit clusters could be separated by a single shank in the neocortex. Because the two-dimensional spatial position of the recorded units can be precisely determined with the 96-site probes, these measurements will allow for quantitative studies of the intra- and inter-colum ...
excitation and inhibition of the reflex eye withdrawal of the crab
... The repetitive responses of isolated crab axons to applied d.c. potentials have been carefully analysed and classified by Hodgkin (1948) and further by Chapman (1966). The motor neuron causing the eye withdrawal belongs to Hodgkin's class 2 in that (1) its frequency of discharge does not follow prec ...
... The repetitive responses of isolated crab axons to applied d.c. potentials have been carefully analysed and classified by Hodgkin (1948) and further by Chapman (1966). The motor neuron causing the eye withdrawal belongs to Hodgkin's class 2 in that (1) its frequency of discharge does not follow prec ...
Subconscious Stimulus Recognition and Processing During
... cortex during sleep. Recently, Issa and Wang (2008), studying marmoset monkeys during natural sleep and waking, recorded cortical unit responses to acoustic stimulation. Single units in both the primary and secondary auditory cortex decreased or increased their responses during sleep compared to wak ...
... cortex during sleep. Recently, Issa and Wang (2008), studying marmoset monkeys during natural sleep and waking, recorded cortical unit responses to acoustic stimulation. Single units in both the primary and secondary auditory cortex decreased or increased their responses during sleep compared to wak ...
Noise in Neurons and Other Constraints
... Figure 8.1b shows the passage of a noisy signal through successive neurons, and noise levels are incremented at each stage as internal noise is added to the signal. Note that parallel connections (not shown) do not augment noise through network interactions. In fact, it was suggested that the highly ...
... Figure 8.1b shows the passage of a noisy signal through successive neurons, and noise levels are incremented at each stage as internal noise is added to the signal. Note that parallel connections (not shown) do not augment noise through network interactions. In fact, it was suggested that the highly ...
Functional differences between dorsal and ventral hippocampus
... de analizar la actividad biosintética de las areas hipocampales CA1 y CA3 en las zonas dorsal y ventral de ratas Wistar. Se cuantificaron el número y área media de los AgNORs presentes en sus neuronas, que son indicadores indirectos de la actividad de síntesis proteica. Los resultados muestran una a ...
... de analizar la actividad biosintética de las areas hipocampales CA1 y CA3 en las zonas dorsal y ventral de ratas Wistar. Se cuantificaron el número y área media de los AgNORs presentes en sus neuronas, que son indicadores indirectos de la actividad de síntesis proteica. Los resultados muestran una a ...
The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex
... a unit area of cortical surface. This view is based on the work of Rockel et al. [Rockel AJ, Hiorns RW, Powell TP (1980) The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex. Brain 103:221–244], who found a steady number of approximately 110 neurons underneath a surface area of 750 m2 (147,000 undern ...
... a unit area of cortical surface. This view is based on the work of Rockel et al. [Rockel AJ, Hiorns RW, Powell TP (1980) The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex. Brain 103:221–244], who found a steady number of approximately 110 neurons underneath a surface area of 750 m2 (147,000 undern ...
From Thought to Action
... representation beyond average spiking rates alone. Furthermore, this study represents the first statistical modeling study of PMd spiking that incorporates model selection methods to determine the best description of spiking behavior from a selection of competing models. This analysis reveals that t ...
... representation beyond average spiking rates alone. Furthermore, this study represents the first statistical modeling study of PMd spiking that incorporates model selection methods to determine the best description of spiking behavior from a selection of competing models. This analysis reveals that t ...
Distribution and characterisation of Glucagon-like peptide
... show that GLP-1R expression correlates well with that observed in the rat [14], non-human primates [15] and with the projection pattern of mouse PPG neurons [1,13]. We also demonstrate that GLP-1R expressing cells do not exhibit immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) or parvalbumin ...
... show that GLP-1R expression correlates well with that observed in the rat [14], non-human primates [15] and with the projection pattern of mouse PPG neurons [1,13]. We also demonstrate that GLP-1R expressing cells do not exhibit immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) or parvalbumin ...
Optogenetic Brain Interfaces
... Optogenetics applies light-sensitive proteins which have been isolated from various microorganisms and plants, to manipulate excitable cells in heterologous systems. Initial work in the field used naturally occurring photosensitive proteins such as channelrhodopsin (ChR) [6] and halorhodopsin (HR) [ ...
... Optogenetics applies light-sensitive proteins which have been isolated from various microorganisms and plants, to manipulate excitable cells in heterologous systems. Initial work in the field used naturally occurring photosensitive proteins such as channelrhodopsin (ChR) [6] and halorhodopsin (HR) [ ...
Effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation on propofol
... effect like traditional manual acupuncture. The combination of TAES and anesthesia has been proved valid in enhancing the anesthetic effects but its mechanisms are still not clear. Methods: In this study, we investigated the effect of TAES on anesthesia with an electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillation ...
... effect like traditional manual acupuncture. The combination of TAES and anesthesia has been proved valid in enhancing the anesthetic effects but its mechanisms are still not clear. Methods: In this study, we investigated the effect of TAES on anesthesia with an electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillation ...
The functional asymmetry of auditory cortex is reflected
... The introduction of laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) has made it possible to examine the microcircuitry in other cortical areas with high efficiency. LSPS uses the photorelease of caged glutamate to map functional connections between a neuron and its presynap tic inputs in vitro4,5. This tech ...
... The introduction of laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) has made it possible to examine the microcircuitry in other cortical areas with high efficiency. LSPS uses the photorelease of caged glutamate to map functional connections between a neuron and its presynap tic inputs in vitro4,5. This tech ...
ICDVRAT2006_S09_N01_Miranda
... The EEG is measured as the voltage difference between two or more electrodes on the surface of the scalp one of which is taken as a reference. The EEG expresses the overall activity of millions of neurons in the brain in terms of charge movement, but the electrodes can detect this only in the most s ...
... The EEG is measured as the voltage difference between two or more electrodes on the surface of the scalp one of which is taken as a reference. The EEG expresses the overall activity of millions of neurons in the brain in terms of charge movement, but the electrodes can detect this only in the most s ...
Wang et al 2photon calcium imaging of odor in fly brain cell 2003
... the brain (Stocker, 1994; Laissue et al., 1999). Individual sensory neurons are likely to express only one of about 80 odorant receptor genes (Clyne et al., 1999; Vosshall et al., 1999; Gao and Chess, 1999; Vosshall et al., 2000; Scott et al., 2001; Dunipace et al., 2001) and 80% of the neurons also ...
... the brain (Stocker, 1994; Laissue et al., 1999). Individual sensory neurons are likely to express only one of about 80 odorant receptor genes (Clyne et al., 1999; Vosshall et al., 1999; Gao and Chess, 1999; Vosshall et al., 2000; Scott et al., 2001; Dunipace et al., 2001) and 80% of the neurons also ...
ChennWalshCeCortexJu..
... Figure 2. Images of adult (15 months) transgenic mouse brains overexpressing a stabilized form of β-catenin, compared with a wild-type, age-matched control brain. ∆90β-catenin transgenic brains are enlarged compared with normal. (A) ∆90β-catenin–GFP transgenic brain and (B) ∆90β-catenin–kt3 transgen ...
... Figure 2. Images of adult (15 months) transgenic mouse brains overexpressing a stabilized form of β-catenin, compared with a wild-type, age-matched control brain. ∆90β-catenin transgenic brains are enlarged compared with normal. (A) ∆90β-catenin–GFP transgenic brain and (B) ∆90β-catenin–kt3 transgen ...
Mitochondrial DNA deletions are abundant and
... regardless of cutoff age, 40 to 69 years). Moreover, there was a very high absolute prevalence of mtDNA deletions in neurons from aged substantia nigra (Fig. 1). In addition, in many neurons, the fraction of deletions exceeded 60%, which is believed to be the phenotypic threshold (the fraction above ...
... regardless of cutoff age, 40 to 69 years). Moreover, there was a very high absolute prevalence of mtDNA deletions in neurons from aged substantia nigra (Fig. 1). In addition, in many neurons, the fraction of deletions exceeded 60%, which is believed to be the phenotypic threshold (the fraction above ...
Structure-function relationship in hierarchical model of brain networks
... The idea to use well-known cortical networks in the modelling of the neural dynamics and investigating its relation to the underlying topology has already been considered in the literature. One of the first models was proposed by Kötter and Sommer [69]. The dynamics of areas in a cat cortical netwo ...
... The idea to use well-known cortical networks in the modelling of the neural dynamics and investigating its relation to the underlying topology has already been considered in the literature. One of the first models was proposed by Kötter and Sommer [69]. The dynamics of areas in a cat cortical netwo ...
Size and number of binucleate and mononucleate superior
... and physiological functions and a major incidence of degenerative diseases. These alterations are the result of an interaction among many factors and one may say that ageing is therefore a multifaceted phenomenon (Szweda et al. 2003). In the nervous system, the changes most frequently related are ne ...
... and physiological functions and a major incidence of degenerative diseases. These alterations are the result of an interaction among many factors and one may say that ageing is therefore a multifaceted phenomenon (Szweda et al. 2003). In the nervous system, the changes most frequently related are ne ...
Impaired Cl Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically
... they were minimally submerged and maintained at 32 ⫾ 1°C. Patchclamp recordings were made from visually identified layer V pyramidal cells in undercut cortex or the same region in control slices, using infrared video microscopy and a ⫻63 water-immersion lens with differential interference contrast o ...
... they were minimally submerged and maintained at 32 ⫾ 1°C. Patchclamp recordings were made from visually identified layer V pyramidal cells in undercut cortex or the same region in control slices, using infrared video microscopy and a ⫻63 water-immersion lens with differential interference contrast o ...
Center-Surround Interactions in the Middle Temporal Visual Area of
... Surround motion at various velocities modulated the overall responsiveness to centrally placed moving stimuli, but it did not produce shifts in the peaks of the center’s tuning curves for either direction or speed. In layers 3B and 5 of the local motion processing columns, a number of neurons respon ...
... Surround motion at various velocities modulated the overall responsiveness to centrally placed moving stimuli, but it did not produce shifts in the peaks of the center’s tuning curves for either direction or speed. In layers 3B and 5 of the local motion processing columns, a number of neurons respon ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... neurons in isolated abdominal nerve cord preparations. Membrane potentials had a median of 059 mV, with 25th and 75th percentiles of 066.0 and 053 mV. The median input resistance was 6.4 MV, with 25th and 75th percentiles of 3.4 and 13.7 MV. Membrane time constants had a median of 9.3 ms, with 25th ...
... neurons in isolated abdominal nerve cord preparations. Membrane potentials had a median of 059 mV, with 25th and 75th percentiles of 066.0 and 053 mV. The median input resistance was 6.4 MV, with 25th and 75th percentiles of 3.4 and 13.7 MV. Membrane time constants had a median of 9.3 ms, with 25th ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.