Tasks for inhibitory interneurons in intact brain circuits
... Fig. 1. Main forms of inhibitory microcircuits. A. In a feed-forward inhibitory circuit, interneurons (red) receive excitatory inputs from an external source (green) and in turn inhibit the local principal neurons (black). These latter neurons are often also targeted by the external excitatory input ...
... Fig. 1. Main forms of inhibitory microcircuits. A. In a feed-forward inhibitory circuit, interneurons (red) receive excitatory inputs from an external source (green) and in turn inhibit the local principal neurons (black). These latter neurons are often also targeted by the external excitatory input ...
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... the directly modulated neurons. Extracellular protons played contributory role but were insufficient to explain the entire bystander effect, suggesting the recruitment of other mechanisms. Together, these findings present a new approach to the engineering of multicomponent optogenetic tools to manip ...
... the directly modulated neurons. Extracellular protons played contributory role but were insufficient to explain the entire bystander effect, suggesting the recruitment of other mechanisms. Together, these findings present a new approach to the engineering of multicomponent optogenetic tools to manip ...
Locally evoked potentials in slices of the rat nucleus - UvA-DARE
... brain area is of special interest since this receptor mediates induction of long-term potentiation in the h i p p o c a m p u s 7"23'4°. As yet it is u n k n o w n whether it is involved in synaptic plasticity in the A c b as well. In the h i p p o c a m p u s , substantial N M D A receptor activity ...
... brain area is of special interest since this receptor mediates induction of long-term potentiation in the h i p p o c a m p u s 7"23'4°. As yet it is u n k n o w n whether it is involved in synaptic plasticity in the A c b as well. In the h i p p o c a m p u s , substantial N M D A receptor activity ...
Microcircuits in visual cortex Kevan AC Martin
... by the fact that the putative inhibitory and excitatory connections are not always differentiated. Bold attempts were made previously to identify the lateral connections of inhibitory and excitatory neurons within the orientation map in adult ferret visual cortex [27]; the latest such attempts are a ...
... by the fact that the putative inhibitory and excitatory connections are not always differentiated. Bold attempts were made previously to identify the lateral connections of inhibitory and excitatory neurons within the orientation map in adult ferret visual cortex [27]; the latest such attempts are a ...
neuronal types and their specification dynamics in
... In the presence of an external or internal stressor, the sympathetic system generates the ”fight-or-flight” response, which prepares the body to either face the stressor or flee from it. Once the stressor is removed, the parasympathetic nervous system restores the homeostasis by bringing the body to ...
... In the presence of an external or internal stressor, the sympathetic system generates the ”fight-or-flight” response, which prepares the body to either face the stressor or flee from it. Once the stressor is removed, the parasympathetic nervous system restores the homeostasis by bringing the body to ...
Neural Correlates of Object-Associated Choice Behavior
... Naya et al., 2003). However, previous anatomical studies show that the PRC in rodents receives heavy projections from the POR, and the POR reciprocally connects to the medial entorhinal cortex (Burwell and Amaral, 1998; Furtak et al., 2007b). Therefore, the PRC may process some spatial information i ...
... Naya et al., 2003). However, previous anatomical studies show that the PRC in rodents receives heavy projections from the POR, and the POR reciprocally connects to the medial entorhinal cortex (Burwell and Amaral, 1998; Furtak et al., 2007b). Therefore, the PRC may process some spatial information i ...
Single Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons Form Widely Spread
... The axonal arbors of single nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons were visualized with a viral vector expressing membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein in rat brain. All eight reconstructed tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic neurons possessed widely spread and highly dense axonal arborizat ...
... The axonal arbors of single nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons were visualized with a viral vector expressing membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein in rat brain. All eight reconstructed tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic neurons possessed widely spread and highly dense axonal arborizat ...
Anatomical origins of the classical receptive field and modulatory
... From the analysesof our own and others’ anatomical and physiological data for the macaquevisual system,we arrive at a conclusion that three pathways can provide the Vl neuron with accessto information from the visual tieId and affect its response.Fit, direct thalamic input can determine the size of ...
... From the analysesof our own and others’ anatomical and physiological data for the macaquevisual system,we arrive at a conclusion that three pathways can provide the Vl neuron with accessto information from the visual tieId and affect its response.Fit, direct thalamic input can determine the size of ...
Serotonin Depletion In Vivo Inhibits the
... Olfactory lobe glomeruli are sites of synaptic contact between the sensory neurons, olfactory projection neurons, and several classes of local interneurons. The latter two classes of neuron also innervate two adjacent neuropil regions, the accessory lobe and the olfactory-globular tract neuropil (OG ...
... Olfactory lobe glomeruli are sites of synaptic contact between the sensory neurons, olfactory projection neurons, and several classes of local interneurons. The latter two classes of neuron also innervate two adjacent neuropil regions, the accessory lobe and the olfactory-globular tract neuropil (OG ...
the mirror-neuron system - UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience
... in spite of the fact that the size of the observed hand is obviously different in the two conditions. It is also of little importance for neuron activation if the observed action is eventually rewarded. The discharge is of the same intensity if the experimenter grasps the food and gives it to the re ...
... in spite of the fact that the size of the observed hand is obviously different in the two conditions. It is also of little importance for neuron activation if the observed action is eventually rewarded. The discharge is of the same intensity if the experimenter grasps the food and gives it to the re ...
the mirror-neuron system - Psychology and Neuroscience
... in spite of the fact that the size of the observed hand is obviously different in the two conditions. It is also of little importance for neuron activation if the observed action is eventually rewarded. The discharge is of the same intensity if the experimenter grasps the food and gives it to the re ...
... in spite of the fact that the size of the observed hand is obviously different in the two conditions. It is also of little importance for neuron activation if the observed action is eventually rewarded. The discharge is of the same intensity if the experimenter grasps the food and gives it to the re ...
Tracking Whole-Brain Connectivity Dynamics in the Resting State
... Spontaneous fluctuations are a hallmark of recordings of neural signals, emergent over time scales spanning milliseconds and tens of minutes. However, investigations of intrinsic brain organization based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging have largely not taken into account the pr ...
... Spontaneous fluctuations are a hallmark of recordings of neural signals, emergent over time scales spanning milliseconds and tens of minutes. However, investigations of intrinsic brain organization based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging have largely not taken into account the pr ...
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... from the field of view randomly, but rather, they move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, views are very discontinuous as image patches sweep across the field of view. Motivated by cerebral cortex, our model explore ...
... from the field of view randomly, but rather, they move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, views are very discontinuous as image patches sweep across the field of view. Motivated by cerebral cortex, our model explore ...
Age-related differences in brain activity underlying identification of
... (FWHM) to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. The initial 10 image volumes in each run, in which transient signal changes occur as brain magnetization reaches a steady state, were excluded from all analyses. The resulting voxel size after processing was 4 4 4 mm3. For statistical analysis we use ...
... (FWHM) to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. The initial 10 image volumes in each run, in which transient signal changes occur as brain magnetization reaches a steady state, were excluded from all analyses. The resulting voxel size after processing was 4 4 4 mm3. For statistical analysis we use ...
Biological Rhythms: 2 Day Circadian Examples Biorhythms
... biological clock & keeping it “entrained” with the cycle of where we are living. (Other less effective zeitgebers: exercise/activity, noise, environmental temperature, meals.) ...
... biological clock & keeping it “entrained” with the cycle of where we are living. (Other less effective zeitgebers: exercise/activity, noise, environmental temperature, meals.) ...
Telencephalon
... loss of excitation of the GPe by putamen resulting in a decreased inhibitory output from GPe to ...
... loss of excitation of the GPe by putamen resulting in a decreased inhibitory output from GPe to ...
Sten Grillner
... M. Gelfand, a renowned mathematician who later received the Kyoto Prize. For example, in the evaluation of different reports in seminars or workshops, the focus was explicitly on whether or not new fundamental insights had been gained. If an elegant study made with the most refined novel techniques ...
... M. Gelfand, a renowned mathematician who later received the Kyoto Prize. For example, in the evaluation of different reports in seminars or workshops, the focus was explicitly on whether or not new fundamental insights had been gained. If an elegant study made with the most refined novel techniques ...
Response Characteristics of Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn Neurons in
... Evoked responses were calculated by subtracting the background firing rate from the mean discharge frequency during stimulation. An afterdischarge was considered to be present when the mean firing rate of the cell stayed ⱖ30% above baseline firing rate after stopping the stimulation. Afterdischarges ...
... Evoked responses were calculated by subtracting the background firing rate from the mean discharge frequency during stimulation. An afterdischarge was considered to be present when the mean firing rate of the cell stayed ⱖ30% above baseline firing rate after stopping the stimulation. Afterdischarges ...
Differential regulation of the central neural cardiorespiratory system
... Figure 1. (Opposite.) A diagram of pathways in the regulation of the cardiorespiratory system: (a) all pathways overlapped. The bulbospinal red pathways are in the RVLM (figure 2a) and integrate information from the centre and the periphery. The output from this nucleus is crucial for maintaining no ...
... Figure 1. (Opposite.) A diagram of pathways in the regulation of the cardiorespiratory system: (a) all pathways overlapped. The bulbospinal red pathways are in the RVLM (figure 2a) and integrate information from the centre and the periphery. The output from this nucleus is crucial for maintaining no ...
Preprint - University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences
... are converted into its responses, have proven effective in a broad array of sensory modalities, brain areas, and species (e.g. Eggermont, Aertsen and Johannesma 1983, Jones and Palmer 1987, DiCarlo, Johnson and Hsiao 1998). Within vision, classic examples include the center-surround receptive field ...
... are converted into its responses, have proven effective in a broad array of sensory modalities, brain areas, and species (e.g. Eggermont, Aertsen and Johannesma 1983, Jones and Palmer 1987, DiCarlo, Johnson and Hsiao 1998). Within vision, classic examples include the center-surround receptive field ...
Analysis and Classification of EEG signals using Mixture of
... Electroencephalography (EEG) signal is the recording of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain over a small period of time [1]. The term EEG refers that the brain activity emits the signal from head and being drawn. It is produced by bombardment of neurons within the brain. It is measured for ...
... Electroencephalography (EEG) signal is the recording of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain over a small period of time [1]. The term EEG refers that the brain activity emits the signal from head and being drawn. It is produced by bombardment of neurons within the brain. It is measured for ...
Neuroethology of reward and decision making
... the real world. While the formal mathematical derivation of the prey model predicts a step-like change in preference, in which one type of prey is always preferred to the exclusion of the other (the ‘zero–one rule’), the birds in Goss-Custard’s study showed ‘partial preferences’ for different types ...
... the real world. While the formal mathematical derivation of the prey model predicts a step-like change in preference, in which one type of prey is always preferred to the exclusion of the other (the ‘zero–one rule’), the birds in Goss-Custard’s study showed ‘partial preferences’ for different types ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.