New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... GABAergic innervation of all striatal cell types (Mallet et al., 2012). This is in contrast to the pallidostriatal projection of a subset of prototypical GPe neurons (Bevan et al., 1998; Hoover and Marshall, 1999, 2002; Sato et al., 2000; Kita and Kita, 2001; Kita, 2007) that selectively innervate s ...
... GABAergic innervation of all striatal cell types (Mallet et al., 2012). This is in contrast to the pallidostriatal projection of a subset of prototypical GPe neurons (Bevan et al., 1998; Hoover and Marshall, 1999, 2002; Sato et al., 2000; Kita and Kita, 2001; Kita, 2007) that selectively innervate s ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... Cortical processing reflects the interplay of synaptic excitation and synaptic inhibition. Rapidly accumulating evidence is highlighting the crucial role of inhibition in shaping spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is ne ...
... Cortical processing reflects the interplay of synaptic excitation and synaptic inhibition. Rapidly accumulating evidence is highlighting the crucial role of inhibition in shaping spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is ne ...
Computational themes of peripheral processing
... firing rate decreases and the response variability increases in higher layers of the network (Fig. 4c; Vogel et al. 2005; Wohlgemuth and Ronacher 2007; Clemens et al. 2011). In addition, while single receptor neurons and local neurons faithfully represent the amplitude modulation of the song (Machen ...
... firing rate decreases and the response variability increases in higher layers of the network (Fig. 4c; Vogel et al. 2005; Wohlgemuth and Ronacher 2007; Clemens et al. 2011). In addition, while single receptor neurons and local neurons faithfully represent the amplitude modulation of the song (Machen ...
A Model of Surround Suppression Through Cortical Feedback
... reason is that these effects may tell us something about the underlying cortical microcircuitry of primary visual cortex. The most straight-forward models of the primary visual cortex involve feedforward connections to linear Gabor-like filters. This type of model cannot describe these surround supp ...
... reason is that these effects may tell us something about the underlying cortical microcircuitry of primary visual cortex. The most straight-forward models of the primary visual cortex involve feedforward connections to linear Gabor-like filters. This type of model cannot describe these surround supp ...
Medical Image Segmentation Using Artificial Neural Networks
... Feedback or recurrent networks include feedback loops. These networks are very powerful and can get extremely complicated. Hopfield, Cellular, and Pulse-Coupled neural networks described in this section belong to this category of networks. 2.1 Hopfield Neural Network Hopfield Neural Network (HNN), i ...
... Feedback or recurrent networks include feedback loops. These networks are very powerful and can get extremely complicated. Hopfield, Cellular, and Pulse-Coupled neural networks described in this section belong to this category of networks. 2.1 Hopfield Neural Network Hopfield Neural Network (HNN), i ...
Axonogenesis in the Brain of Zebrafish Embryos
... the growth conesof brain neuronsmust encounter a myriad of conditions as they navigate through the developing brain. One strategy to investigate pathfinding in the vertebrate brain is to analyze the brains of relatively simple vertebrates. This approach was taken in the early 20th century by investi ...
... the growth conesof brain neuronsmust encounter a myriad of conditions as they navigate through the developing brain. One strategy to investigate pathfinding in the vertebrate brain is to analyze the brains of relatively simple vertebrates. This approach was taken in the early 20th century by investi ...
PLoS Biol. 2016 Oct 10.
... Because songbirds use auditory feedback to learn their songs, it is crucial to understand in which cell populations this feedback is processed and conveyed to motor areas such as HVC. In HVC projection neurons, there are no traces of auditory feedback responses during singing, not even subthreshold ...
... Because songbirds use auditory feedback to learn their songs, it is crucial to understand in which cell populations this feedback is processed and conveyed to motor areas such as HVC. In HVC projection neurons, there are no traces of auditory feedback responses during singing, not even subthreshold ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... Figure 1. Working hypothesis and experimental design. Scheme of signals and neuronal stations involved in this study. Afferent signals that compose the working hypothesis for this study are (solid arcs) consist of Whisking signals (signals that contain information on whisker movement regardless of ...
... Figure 1. Working hypothesis and experimental design. Scheme of signals and neuronal stations involved in this study. Afferent signals that compose the working hypothesis for this study are (solid arcs) consist of Whisking signals (signals that contain information on whisker movement regardless of ...
The horizontal brain slice preparation: a novel approach for
... is equivalent to the whole brain preparation described by Wu et al. (1996) and Pratt and Aizenman (2007). For this, tadpoles are anesthetized in Steinberg’s solution containing 0.02% MS-222, moved to the recording dish, and pinned to a block of Sylgard silicone elastomer submerged in external record ...
... is equivalent to the whole brain preparation described by Wu et al. (1996) and Pratt and Aizenman (2007). For this, tadpoles are anesthetized in Steinberg’s solution containing 0.02% MS-222, moved to the recording dish, and pinned to a block of Sylgard silicone elastomer submerged in external record ...
Edge of chaos and prediction of computational performance for
... global parameters of the system, e.g. connectivity structure or the functional dependence of the output of an element on the output of other elements, one can change the dynamics of the system from ordered to chaotic. The cited studies suggest that dynamical systems achieve optimal computational cap ...
... global parameters of the system, e.g. connectivity structure or the functional dependence of the output of an element on the output of other elements, one can change the dynamics of the system from ordered to chaotic. The cited studies suggest that dynamical systems achieve optimal computational cap ...
Cough, Expiration and Aspiration Reflexes following
... Shannon et al. (1998, 2000). According to this model neuronal circuitries of the Respiratory Central Pattern Generator can also produce the cough motor pattern. However, the possibility that other brainstem circuits overlapping the main respiratory networks may also participate has not been excluded ...
... Shannon et al. (1998, 2000). According to this model neuronal circuitries of the Respiratory Central Pattern Generator can also produce the cough motor pattern. However, the possibility that other brainstem circuits overlapping the main respiratory networks may also participate has not been excluded ...
Activity of Defined Mushroom Body Output Neurons
... of the M4/6 neurons using expression of established neural compartment marker proteins. The dendritic marker DenMark (Nicolaı¨ et al., 2010) localized exclusively to the horizontal MB lobe tips, while the presynaptic active zone protein Syd-1 (Owald et al., 2010) localized to the processes of the M4 ...
... of the M4/6 neurons using expression of established neural compartment marker proteins. The dendritic marker DenMark (Nicolaı¨ et al., 2010) localized exclusively to the horizontal MB lobe tips, while the presynaptic active zone protein Syd-1 (Owald et al., 2010) localized to the processes of the M4 ...
Patterns of neuronal migration in the embryonic cortex
... in the MZ before turning again to enter the cortical plate to reach their final positions [36]. Interestingly, a proportion of tangentially migrating neurons from all cortical layers were observed to undergo ventricle-directed migration to the VZ in slice-culture preparations [37]. Upon reaching the ...
... in the MZ before turning again to enter the cortical plate to reach their final positions [36]. Interestingly, a proportion of tangentially migrating neurons from all cortical layers were observed to undergo ventricle-directed migration to the VZ in slice-culture preparations [37]. Upon reaching the ...
BZA BCI Projects
... Most BCIs translate your brain’s electrical activity (EEGs) into messages or commands. ...
... Most BCIs translate your brain’s electrical activity (EEGs) into messages or commands. ...
Gamma Oscillations in the Hippocampus
... occur in bursts at particular times within the theta cycle (5, 12, 14, 74, 77) and have been proposed to select particular cell assemblies for processing at those times (37, 38, 51, 68). Because of their high frequency, gamma oscillations are ideally suited for operations that require neuronal coord ...
... occur in bursts at particular times within the theta cycle (5, 12, 14, 74, 77) and have been proposed to select particular cell assemblies for processing at those times (37, 38, 51, 68). Because of their high frequency, gamma oscillations are ideally suited for operations that require neuronal coord ...
Between-Task Competition and Cognitive Control in Task Switching
... Cognitive control is required to guide thought and action in accordance with current goals and intentions (Norman and Shallice, 1986; Desimone and Duncan, 1995; Miller and Cohen, 2001). This control is particularly important when multiple tasks are possible and behavioral demands are continually shi ...
... Cognitive control is required to guide thought and action in accordance with current goals and intentions (Norman and Shallice, 1986; Desimone and Duncan, 1995; Miller and Cohen, 2001). This control is particularly important when multiple tasks are possible and behavioral demands are continually shi ...
Evidence for time division multiplexing of multiple simultaneous
... Figure 1. In telecommunications, multiple signals can be conveyed along a single transmission ...
... Figure 1. In telecommunications, multiple signals can be conveyed along a single transmission ...
Saccade-induced activity of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus X
... excitation and the peak activity. Single cell responses were aligned to either saccade or stimulus onset and, because the number of saccades was variable between individual recordings, mean response histograms were processed. The histograms were built up only from measurements in which no saccade ap ...
... excitation and the peak activity. Single cell responses were aligned to either saccade or stimulus onset and, because the number of saccades was variable between individual recordings, mean response histograms were processed. The histograms were built up only from measurements in which no saccade ap ...
The epistemic value of brain-machine systems for the study of the
... In Section 4 I will bring the distinction between stimulation-connection and simulationreplacement methodology to bear on some claims recently made by Craver (2010) and Chirimuuta (2013) on the epistemic value of bionic systems. In particular, based on that distinction, I will show that Craver’s (20 ...
... In Section 4 I will bring the distinction between stimulation-connection and simulationreplacement methodology to bear on some claims recently made by Craver (2010) and Chirimuuta (2013) on the epistemic value of bionic systems. In particular, based on that distinction, I will show that Craver’s (20 ...
Ventilatory disorders - Chirurgia toracica mini invasiva
... retroambigualis and extends from the obex to C1 on the spinal cord and contains bulbospinal expiratory neurons that project to intercostal and abdominal motor neurons. Suprapontine structures, including the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala and periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain play ...
... retroambigualis and extends from the obex to C1 on the spinal cord and contains bulbospinal expiratory neurons that project to intercostal and abdominal motor neurons. Suprapontine structures, including the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala and periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain play ...
Forward Processing of Long-Term Associative Memory in Monkey
... Figure 2. Stimulus-selective responses to both paired associates of two representative A36 neurons (A and B for one neuron; C and D for the other neuron). A, C, Raster displays and PSTHs in the optimal (optimal, thick black line) and pair ( pair, thick gray line) trials. The trials were aligned at t ...
... Figure 2. Stimulus-selective responses to both paired associates of two representative A36 neurons (A and B for one neuron; C and D for the other neuron). A, C, Raster displays and PSTHs in the optimal (optimal, thick black line) and pair ( pair, thick gray line) trials. The trials were aligned at t ...
How Spike Generation Mechanisms Determine the Neuronal
... This study examines the ability of neurons to track temporally varying inputs, namely by investigating how the instantaneous firing rate of a neuron is modulated by a noisy input with a small sinusoidal component with frequency ( f). Using numerical simulations of conductance-based neurons and analy ...
... This study examines the ability of neurons to track temporally varying inputs, namely by investigating how the instantaneous firing rate of a neuron is modulated by a noisy input with a small sinusoidal component with frequency ( f). Using numerical simulations of conductance-based neurons and analy ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... lated with the cytoarchitectural characteristics as defined by cresyl violet staining and nNOS staining. From a coronal perspective, Sol is broadly divided into a smaller lateral and a larger medial subdivision based on their position in relation to the SolT. The lateral subdivision is further subdi ...
... lated with the cytoarchitectural characteristics as defined by cresyl violet staining and nNOS staining. From a coronal perspective, Sol is broadly divided into a smaller lateral and a larger medial subdivision based on their position in relation to the SolT. The lateral subdivision is further subdi ...
Heterotopic Transcallosal Projections Are Present throughout the
... techniques—has been performed that allows us to compare the organization of transcallosal connections in different functional regions of the mouse cortex including the primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Such a systematic analysis of inter-hemispheric connectivity is important as defects in th ...
... techniques—has been performed that allows us to compare the organization of transcallosal connections in different functional regions of the mouse cortex including the primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Such a systematic analysis of inter-hemispheric connectivity is important as defects in th ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.