Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurons to cervical input after
... and then every 20 min. Electrical GON stimulation consisted of trains of 20 stimuli (0.5±1 Hz) starting at least 30 min prior to any conditioning stimulus. Responses to electrical stimulation were analysed using post-stimulus histograms separated for A-®bre and, if present, C-®bre responses. To comp ...
... and then every 20 min. Electrical GON stimulation consisted of trains of 20 stimuli (0.5±1 Hz) starting at least 30 min prior to any conditioning stimulus. Responses to electrical stimulation were analysed using post-stimulus histograms separated for A-®bre and, if present, C-®bre responses. To comp ...
Serotonin 1B Receptor Modulates Frequency Response Curves and
... and were filtered through an FT-6 antialias filter (TDT; Alachua, FL). Stimuli were played through either an earphone biased with 200 V DC (Schuller 1997), positioned in the ear contralateral to the recording electrode, or a midline freefield speaker (Infinity Emit B, Harman International Industries ...
... and were filtered through an FT-6 antialias filter (TDT; Alachua, FL). Stimuli were played through either an earphone biased with 200 V DC (Schuller 1997), positioned in the ear contralateral to the recording electrode, or a midline freefield speaker (Infinity Emit B, Harman International Industries ...
Function of Peripheral Olfactory Organs
... spike is not known to carry any extra information to the AL. It is the frequency of spikes rather than their size that is important for generating behavioural responses. Information about the absolute concentration of odour also may be important to the insect, but instances in which this has been sh ...
... spike is not known to carry any extra information to the AL. It is the frequency of spikes rather than their size that is important for generating behavioural responses. Information about the absolute concentration of odour also may be important to the insect, but instances in which this has been sh ...
Approximating Number of Hidden layer neurons in Multiple
... likely that the number of input neurons will match the number of output neurons. In this sort of neural network, the patterns to leave the neural network in the same format as they entered [4]. C. Hidden Layer: The hidden layer is the collection of neurons which has activation function applied on it ...
... likely that the number of input neurons will match the number of output neurons. In this sort of neural network, the patterns to leave the neural network in the same format as they entered [4]. C. Hidden Layer: The hidden layer is the collection of neurons which has activation function applied on it ...
Subthalamic Stimulation-Induced Synaptic Responses in Substantia
... C. Cells also exhibited a slowly activating inward rectification when hyperpolarized as shown in Fig. 1, C and D. Recordings were made from 75 substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons. Fifty of these neurons were recorded from slices taken from intact rats and 25 from slices taken from ra ...
... C. Cells also exhibited a slowly activating inward rectification when hyperpolarized as shown in Fig. 1, C and D. Recordings were made from 75 substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons. Fifty of these neurons were recorded from slices taken from intact rats and 25 from slices taken from ra ...
Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor
... time. Biological motion detection implies recognition of complex motion patterns, such as a reach and grasp movement, or a repetitive action, such as walking [21]. In other words, the generative model of the brain is more like a narrative or scenario, predicting sequences of events. The scenario ena ...
... time. Biological motion detection implies recognition of complex motion patterns, such as a reach and grasp movement, or a repetitive action, such as walking [21]. In other words, the generative model of the brain is more like a narrative or scenario, predicting sequences of events. The scenario ena ...
Shootin1 - The Journal of Cell Biology
... Banker, 1989). This observation led to the proposal that a positive feedback loop and negative regulation among neurites are necessary for neuronal polarization (Goslin and Banker, 1989; Andersen and Bi, 2000; Banker, 2003). A locally acting positive feedback loop may amplify a small stochastic incr ...
... Banker, 1989). This observation led to the proposal that a positive feedback loop and negative regulation among neurites are necessary for neuronal polarization (Goslin and Banker, 1989; Andersen and Bi, 2000; Banker, 2003). A locally acting positive feedback loop may amplify a small stochastic incr ...
judasMRT99
... In the developing neocortex of rats and mice, nitrinergic neurons are usually not observed in the marginal zone (MZ), i.e., the developing layer I (Bravo et al., 1997; Derer and Derer, 1993; Iwase et al., 1998; Tomić et al., 1994; Van Eden et al., 1996); they were also not observed in the neocortex ...
... In the developing neocortex of rats and mice, nitrinergic neurons are usually not observed in the marginal zone (MZ), i.e., the developing layer I (Bravo et al., 1997; Derer and Derer, 1993; Iwase et al., 1998; Tomić et al., 1994; Van Eden et al., 1996); they were also not observed in the neocortex ...
NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY SYSTEMS
... Meaning of the input Input can represent the magnitude of directly experiment sensory information or directly apply control information. The input changes slowly,and can be assumed constant value. ...
... Meaning of the input Input can represent the magnitude of directly experiment sensory information or directly apply control information. The input changes slowly,and can be assumed constant value. ...
Neural Correlates for Perception of 3D Surface Orientation from
... could thus correctly perform the crossmatching of texture and disparity gradients even with novel orientations (tests 1 and 3) and patterns (tests 2 and 3) without training. Monkeys regarded texture and disparity gradients as equivalent depth cues, and they perceived a 3D surface orientation from te ...
... could thus correctly perform the crossmatching of texture and disparity gradients even with novel orientations (tests 1 and 3) and patterns (tests 2 and 3) without training. Monkeys regarded texture and disparity gradients as equivalent depth cues, and they perceived a 3D surface orientation from te ...
3. Connections of the Hypothalamus
... Monoamine cell groups. Each of the classes of monoamine cell groups in the rat brainstem provides innervation to the hypothalamus. Projections from limbic regions. Hippocampal efferents via the precommissural fornix-lateral septum innervates all three longitudinally organized columns of the hypothal ...
... Monoamine cell groups. Each of the classes of monoamine cell groups in the rat brainstem provides innervation to the hypothalamus. Projections from limbic regions. Hippocampal efferents via the precommissural fornix-lateral septum innervates all three longitudinally organized columns of the hypothal ...
Afferents of dopamine neurons
... The complexity and simplicity of dopamine neurons Dopamine neurons have a complex organisation and afferent input at level of SNC (normality) The projections of dopamine neurons are extremely complex and massive (complexity) Responses of dopamine neurons are relatively simple and uniform (simpli ...
... The complexity and simplicity of dopamine neurons Dopamine neurons have a complex organisation and afferent input at level of SNC (normality) The projections of dopamine neurons are extremely complex and massive (complexity) Responses of dopamine neurons are relatively simple and uniform (simpli ...
Big Myth or Major Miss? - Perceptual Science Laboratory
... In his second argument, Hickok proposes that a keystone in the mirror neuron account of action understanding centers on language. Broca’s area, which has long been associated with speech production, ...
... In his second argument, Hickok proposes that a keystone in the mirror neuron account of action understanding centers on language. Broca’s area, which has long been associated with speech production, ...
Cerebellar Peduncle Pathways
... Physiological Correlates Behavioral Correlates Clinical Pathologies ...
... Physiological Correlates Behavioral Correlates Clinical Pathologies ...
The Basal Ganglia
... and tere bral Cortex The bfsal ganglia were traditionally thought to function only ~ voluntary movement. Indeed, fOTsome time it W= s b lieved that the basal ganglia sent their entire output to the motor cortex via the thalamus and thus act as a I through which movement is initiated by different C~ ...
... and tere bral Cortex The bfsal ganglia were traditionally thought to function only ~ voluntary movement. Indeed, fOTsome time it W= s b lieved that the basal ganglia sent their entire output to the motor cortex via the thalamus and thus act as a I through which movement is initiated by different C~ ...
Do distinct populations of dorsal root ganglion neurons account for
... to influence inflammatory and sclerotic processes (33). Hence, it is possible that CGRP release may be under the control of TRPV1 receptors also with respect to peptidergic afferents in the kidney, so that CGRP released from afferent renal nerve fibers can exert its nephroprotective potential due to ...
... to influence inflammatory and sclerotic processes (33). Hence, it is possible that CGRP release may be under the control of TRPV1 receptors also with respect to peptidergic afferents in the kidney, so that CGRP released from afferent renal nerve fibers can exert its nephroprotective potential due to ...
Model of Cortical-Basal Ganglionic Processing: Encoding the Serial
... recurrent corticostriatal projections and collateral inhibition between striatal spiny units. The model’s architecture positions spiny units for the classification of cortical contexts and events and provides bistable cortical-thalamic loops for sustaining a representation of these contextual events ...
... recurrent corticostriatal projections and collateral inhibition between striatal spiny units. The model’s architecture positions spiny units for the classification of cortical contexts and events and provides bistable cortical-thalamic loops for sustaining a representation of these contextual events ...
Sensory responses and movement-related activities in extrinsic
... of the four to six wires were connected to a dierential a.c. ampli®er (DAM 80, WPI, Sarasota, Fla.) in pairs of any combinations. Since the distance between the tips of the two electrodes was very small (typically 3±40 lm) only the electrical signals generated in close vicinity to the electrode tip ...
... of the four to six wires were connected to a dierential a.c. ampli®er (DAM 80, WPI, Sarasota, Fla.) in pairs of any combinations. Since the distance between the tips of the two electrodes was very small (typically 3±40 lm) only the electrical signals generated in close vicinity to the electrode tip ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
Representational Capacity of Face Coding in Monkeys
... Other investigations have found that the information carrying capacity of inferior temporal neurons grows more slowly than a linear function of the number of neurons (Gochin et al., 1994; E. T. Rolls, A. Treves, and M. J. Tovee, unpublished observations). This would suggests that face coding is not ...
... Other investigations have found that the information carrying capacity of inferior temporal neurons grows more slowly than a linear function of the number of neurons (Gochin et al., 1994; E. T. Rolls, A. Treves, and M. J. Tovee, unpublished observations). This would suggests that face coding is not ...
Neurons in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Multiplex
... center of the screen. Once monkeys had Figure 1. Schematic of eight-target saccade choice task and recording location. A, Small yellow fixation point appears, suraligned gaze with this square (⫾2°), a half sec- rounded by eight white squares arranged in a ring. When a monkey fixates on a point, its ...
... center of the screen. Once monkeys had Figure 1. Schematic of eight-target saccade choice task and recording location. A, Small yellow fixation point appears, suraligned gaze with this square (⫾2°), a half sec- rounded by eight white squares arranged in a ring. When a monkey fixates on a point, its ...
Frontal Eye Fields - Psychological Sciences
... the search array in their receptive field because neurons in FEF are not feature selective (Fig. 3). However, before gaze shifts, a selection process transpires by which most visually responsive cells in FEF signal the location of the target stimulus through suppression of the response to non-target ...
... the search array in their receptive field because neurons in FEF are not feature selective (Fig. 3). However, before gaze shifts, a selection process transpires by which most visually responsive cells in FEF signal the location of the target stimulus through suppression of the response to non-target ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.