Emergence of new signal-primitives in neural systems
... Emergence is the process by which new structures and functions come into being. There are two fundamental, but complementary, conceptions of emergence: combinatoric emergence, wherein novelty arises by new combinations of pre-existing elements, and creative emergence, wherein novelty arises by de no ...
... Emergence is the process by which new structures and functions come into being. There are two fundamental, but complementary, conceptions of emergence: combinatoric emergence, wherein novelty arises by new combinations of pre-existing elements, and creative emergence, wherein novelty arises by de no ...
File
... a) No. The most likely explanation is that the SCN does not control the circadian rhythm in hamsters. b) Yes. The data from 80% of the hamsters are very consistent. In the other 20%, the transplanted SCN may not have established functional connections with the recipient's brain. c) No. A failure rat ...
... a) No. The most likely explanation is that the SCN does not control the circadian rhythm in hamsters. b) Yes. The data from 80% of the hamsters are very consistent. In the other 20%, the transplanted SCN may not have established functional connections with the recipient's brain. c) No. A failure rat ...
Basal Ganglia and Associated Pathways
... The nigrostriatal pathway is a connection between the substantia nigra pars compacta and the striatum. It is a source of input into the basal ganglia (striatum) and serves as a modulatory pathway of the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways. Inputs into the pars compacta itself remain unclear, ...
... The nigrostriatal pathway is a connection between the substantia nigra pars compacta and the striatum. It is a source of input into the basal ganglia (striatum) and serves as a modulatory pathway of the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways. Inputs into the pars compacta itself remain unclear, ...
Mapping Function Onto Neuronal Morphology
... final morphologies and simulations of the electrophysiological neuronal dynamics should be compared with biological data. The compartmental models we used are based on the “well-established” description of current flow in neurons by the cable equation (Rall ...
... final morphologies and simulations of the electrophysiological neuronal dynamics should be compared with biological data. The compartmental models we used are based on the “well-established” description of current flow in neurons by the cable equation (Rall ...
Mirror Neurons and Mirror Systems in Monkeys and Humans
... the premotor cortex and in the inferior parietal lobule (22, 20, 51). Recently, mirror neurons also have been described in the forebrain of birds (48). The essence of the mirror neuron mechanism is the transformation of specific sensory information into a motor format. This mechanism can be demonstr ...
... the premotor cortex and in the inferior parietal lobule (22, 20, 51). Recently, mirror neurons also have been described in the forebrain of birds (48). The essence of the mirror neuron mechanism is the transformation of specific sensory information into a motor format. This mechanism can be demonstr ...
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics
... Delay period activity. We calculated the firing rate of neurons during the 500 ms time interval preceding the Go signal onset. If the firing rate in that period was significantly greater ( p ⬍ 0.01 by Mann–Whitney test) than in the control period (500 ms preceding the instruction cue onset), we defi ...
... Delay period activity. We calculated the firing rate of neurons during the 500 ms time interval preceding the Go signal onset. If the firing rate in that period was significantly greater ( p ⬍ 0.01 by Mann–Whitney test) than in the control period (500 ms preceding the instruction cue onset), we defi ...
Capogna Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014
... neurons of amygdala and inhibitory circuits involved in fear encoding have recently been published [4–7]. The amygdala is one of the most powerful brain areas to address questions regarding the causal relationships between circuit function and behaviour. Remarkably, the physiological role of some sp ...
... neurons of amygdala and inhibitory circuits involved in fear encoding have recently been published [4–7]. The amygdala is one of the most powerful brain areas to address questions regarding the causal relationships between circuit function and behaviour. Remarkably, the physiological role of some sp ...
- Philsci
... robotic prostheses is possible. Indeed, after a short learning period, high proficiency in braincontrolling the cursor, both directly and indirectly through robot movements, has been achieved. Interestingly, the monkeys still moved their own limbs at the beginning of the “brain control” phase, even ...
... robotic prostheses is possible. Indeed, after a short learning period, high proficiency in braincontrolling the cursor, both directly and indirectly through robot movements, has been achieved. Interestingly, the monkeys still moved their own limbs at the beginning of the “brain control” phase, even ...
Research paper : Why the Mirror Neurons Cannot Support
... training. Due to this, the observer will produce the action explicitly (in his/her behavior) with agility and finesse. This happens due to associative learning processes [17]. The more frequently a synaptic connection is activated, the stronger it becomes. There are data confirming that observation ...
... training. Due to this, the observer will produce the action explicitly (in his/her behavior) with agility and finesse. This happens due to associative learning processes [17]. The more frequently a synaptic connection is activated, the stronger it becomes. There are data confirming that observation ...
electrophysiological studies of rat substantia nigra neurons in an in
... firing rate of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons from intact rats. These results strongly suggest that changes in electrophysiological responses observed in substantia nigra pars compacta neurons is caused by degeneration of GABAergic afferents from the substantia nigra pars reticulata followin ...
... firing rate of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons from intact rats. These results strongly suggest that changes in electrophysiological responses observed in substantia nigra pars compacta neurons is caused by degeneration of GABAergic afferents from the substantia nigra pars reticulata followin ...
Life and Death of Neurons in the Aging Brain
... contrasts are revealed most clearly in studies involving stereological techniques to estimate neuron number in key hippocampal and neocortical regions. These procedures have been recently reviewed in some detail (16). Perhaps the most important advantage is that these techniques allow one to obtain ...
... contrasts are revealed most clearly in studies involving stereological techniques to estimate neuron number in key hippocampal and neocortical regions. These procedures have been recently reviewed in some detail (16). Perhaps the most important advantage is that these techniques allow one to obtain ...
Neuronal Activity in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during Target
... target is identified out of the many possible, the activity of SC neurons increases to levels seen when only a single target is present, overcoming the inhibitory interactions and analogous to changes seen in cortical regions when visual attention is directed to the preferred target. Third, when mon ...
... target is identified out of the many possible, the activity of SC neurons increases to levels seen when only a single target is present, overcoming the inhibitory interactions and analogous to changes seen in cortical regions when visual attention is directed to the preferred target. Third, when mon ...
Stereoscopic Mechanisms in Monkey Visual Cortex: Binocular
... The brain utilizes the signalsfrom the 2 eyes to recover the relative depth of objects.Wheatstone (1838) first demonstrated that a difference, or disparity, in the relative horizontal position of the object’s imagesin the 2 eyescan generatean impression of depth and solidity. Julesz(1960, 1971)later ...
... The brain utilizes the signalsfrom the 2 eyes to recover the relative depth of objects.Wheatstone (1838) first demonstrated that a difference, or disparity, in the relative horizontal position of the object’s imagesin the 2 eyescan generatean impression of depth and solidity. Julesz(1960, 1971)later ...
stereological estimates of dopaminergic, gabaergic and
... Abstract—Midbrain dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and retrorubral field play key roles in reward processing, learning and memory, and movement. Within these midbrain regions and admixed with the dopamine neurons, are also substantial populations of GABAergic neurons ...
... Abstract—Midbrain dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and retrorubral field play key roles in reward processing, learning and memory, and movement. Within these midbrain regions and admixed with the dopamine neurons, are also substantial populations of GABAergic neurons ...
Attention induces synchronization-based response gain in steady
... The three hypotheses have not previously been examined at the level of the neural population. This examination is important for two reasons. First, it is intrinsically difficult to compare the contrastresponse functions of individual neurons with behavioral results because it is unclear how neural s ...
... The three hypotheses have not previously been examined at the level of the neural population. This examination is important for two reasons. First, it is intrinsically difficult to compare the contrastresponse functions of individual neurons with behavioral results because it is unclear how neural s ...
Paper: Neural substrates for expectation
... • This Hebbian plasticity may cause postsynaptic depolarization of lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LAn) neurons in conjunction with presynaptic activation of conditioned stimulus inputs • Afferent pathways that transmit UCS information to the amygdala can be regarded as ‘teaching inputs’ ...
... • This Hebbian plasticity may cause postsynaptic depolarization of lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LAn) neurons in conjunction with presynaptic activation of conditioned stimulus inputs • Afferent pathways that transmit UCS information to the amygdala can be regarded as ‘teaching inputs’ ...
From spike frequency to free recall:
... temporal lobe language cortex. Patterns of activity then spread into populations of neurons in the entorhinal cortex. Physiological and behavioral evidence suggests that the parahippocampal and entorhinal cortices provide the means for holding information about this event for a period of time (Young ...
... temporal lobe language cortex. Patterns of activity then spread into populations of neurons in the entorhinal cortex. Physiological and behavioral evidence suggests that the parahippocampal and entorhinal cortices provide the means for holding information about this event for a period of time (Young ...
Selective visual attention and perceptual coherence
... attention are initiated by a transient control signal that ‘nudges’ the visual system from one coherent state to another. Conscious visual experience starts with the image thrown by the scene upon the retina, where local computations immediately begin to transform the representation of stimuli accor ...
... attention are initiated by a transient control signal that ‘nudges’ the visual system from one coherent state to another. Conscious visual experience starts with the image thrown by the scene upon the retina, where local computations immediately begin to transform the representation of stimuli accor ...
Using calcium imaging to understand function and learning in L2/3
... organization and functional basis of this sparse code is not well understood. I conducted two studies to characterize function and learning in the cortex. In the first study, I used population calcium i ...
... organization and functional basis of this sparse code is not well understood. I conducted two studies to characterize function and learning in the cortex. In the first study, I used population calcium i ...
Event-Driven Simulation Scheme for Spiking Neural Networks Using
... cells is represented internally by two events. The first one (the firing event) is marked with the time instant when the source neuron fires the spike. The second one (the propagated event) is marked with the time instant when the spike reaches the target neuron. Most neurons have large synaptic div ...
... cells is represented internally by two events. The first one (the firing event) is marked with the time instant when the source neuron fires the spike. The second one (the propagated event) is marked with the time instant when the spike reaches the target neuron. Most neurons have large synaptic div ...
Attention as a decision in information space
... also been prominent in LIP: studies of visuo-spatial attention. Experiments examining the role of LIP in attention show that, in addition to its saccade-related activity, its neurons have robust responses to salient or task-relevant stimuli that are not saccade targets [4]. These attentional respons ...
... also been prominent in LIP: studies of visuo-spatial attention. Experiments examining the role of LIP in attention show that, in addition to its saccade-related activity, its neurons have robust responses to salient or task-relevant stimuli that are not saccade targets [4]. These attentional respons ...
Operant conditioning and motor cortex - D
... behavioral demands. Such claims are rooted in evidence from neurophysiology experiments that entail direct reinforcement of variation in the firing rates of single cortical neurons – that is, single unit operant conditioning experiments. However, such investigations have largely been limited to the ...
... behavioral demands. Such claims are rooted in evidence from neurophysiology experiments that entail direct reinforcement of variation in the firing rates of single cortical neurons – that is, single unit operant conditioning experiments. However, such investigations have largely been limited to the ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.