Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... end-of-peak response information. From this point on, only A1 sites were analyzed. Following selection of A1 sites, basic firing properties were calculated in response to tones. Firing latency is defined as the point in time (ms) that the average firing rate (across all repeats) first exceeds 2 standard ...
... end-of-peak response information. From this point on, only A1 sites were analyzed. Following selection of A1 sites, basic firing properties were calculated in response to tones. Firing latency is defined as the point in time (ms) that the average firing rate (across all repeats) first exceeds 2 standard ...
Webb et al 2002 - User Web Areas at the University of York
... stained with cresyl violet. Microlesions (5 mA for 5 s electrode negative) were made at different depths on each penetration. These, and the sequence of changes in ocular dominance, were used to reconstruct each electrode track and assign cells to either the parvocellular, koniocellular, or magnocel ...
... stained with cresyl violet. Microlesions (5 mA for 5 s electrode negative) were made at different depths on each penetration. These, and the sequence of changes in ocular dominance, were used to reconstruct each electrode track and assign cells to either the parvocellular, koniocellular, or magnocel ...
Neural correlates of odor learning in the honeybee antennal lobe
... throughout the text, recognizing that such ‘units’ may well receive spikes from more than one neuron, possibly two (and in rare cases even three) very closely attached neurons. We included into our analysis only such recordings that were stable with respect to the spike waveforms over the whole time ...
... throughout the text, recognizing that such ‘units’ may well receive spikes from more than one neuron, possibly two (and in rare cases even three) very closely attached neurons. We included into our analysis only such recordings that were stable with respect to the spike waveforms over the whole time ...
Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Signal Integration in Hypothalamic
... and whether the biosynthesis of these peptides by external and internal stimuli might represent a mechanism by which these neurons produce an integrated response. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate our research strategy by describing these two separate projects. These projects are focused on ...
... and whether the biosynthesis of these peptides by external and internal stimuli might represent a mechanism by which these neurons produce an integrated response. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate our research strategy by describing these two separate projects. These projects are focused on ...
Epileptiform Activity Can Be Initiated in Various Neocortical Layers
... see Fig. 2). We have validated the optical recordings by comparing simultaneously recorded electrical and optical signals throughout all experiments (n 5 46). These results indicate a very good correspondence between electrical and optical signals (Fig. 2). Both recordings show a large initial spike ...
... see Fig. 2). We have validated the optical recordings by comparing simultaneously recorded electrical and optical signals throughout all experiments (n 5 46). These results indicate a very good correspondence between electrical and optical signals (Fig. 2). Both recordings show a large initial spike ...
Deep Brain Stimulation Does Not Silence Neurons in Subthalamic
... and instead opted to work around the stimulus artifact without altering the analog signal. The duration of signal saturation was determined for each recording. With a sufficiently short DBS pulse width (90 –100 s) and relatively low frequency (no more than 100 Hz), spikes were visible for over one ...
... and instead opted to work around the stimulus artifact without altering the analog signal. The duration of signal saturation was determined for each recording. With a sufficiently short DBS pulse width (90 –100 s) and relatively low frequency (no more than 100 Hz), spikes were visible for over one ...
Prediction error for free monetary reward in the human prefrontal
... Studies in both humans and nonhuman primates have shown that frontostriatal circuits are important for mediating the influence of reward expectation on the selection and preparation of actions. Specific dopamine-rich regions within the prefrontal cortex (Goldman-Rakic et al., 1992; Lidow et al., 199 ...
... Studies in both humans and nonhuman primates have shown that frontostriatal circuits are important for mediating the influence of reward expectation on the selection and preparation of actions. Specific dopamine-rich regions within the prefrontal cortex (Goldman-Rakic et al., 1992; Lidow et al., 199 ...
Conversion of Mouse and Human Fibroblasts into Functional Spinal
... and thus form bona fide motor neurons via a route distinct from embryonic development. Our findings demonstrate that fibroblasts can be converted directly into a specific differentiated and functional neural subtype, the spinal motor neuron. ...
... and thus form bona fide motor neurons via a route distinct from embryonic development. Our findings demonstrate that fibroblasts can be converted directly into a specific differentiated and functional neural subtype, the spinal motor neuron. ...
Simulation of signal flow in 3D reconstructions of an anatomically
... barrel column in rat vibrissal cortex. Exciting the ensemble of L4ss neurons with realistic input from an ensemble of thalamic neurons revealed that the location-specific thalamocortical connectivity may result in location-specific spiking of cortical cells. Specifically, a radial decay in spiking p ...
... barrel column in rat vibrissal cortex. Exciting the ensemble of L4ss neurons with realistic input from an ensemble of thalamic neurons revealed that the location-specific thalamocortical connectivity may result in location-specific spiking of cortical cells. Specifically, a radial decay in spiking p ...
Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation induces an increase in
... laterodorsal tegmental nuclei) are involved in the generation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and project rostrally to the thalamus and caudally to the medulla oblongata. A previous report showed that 96 h of REM sleep deprivation in rats induced an increase in the activity of brainstem acetylchol ...
... laterodorsal tegmental nuclei) are involved in the generation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and project rostrally to the thalamus and caudally to the medulla oblongata. A previous report showed that 96 h of REM sleep deprivation in rats induced an increase in the activity of brainstem acetylchol ...
Visual and presaccadic activity in area 8Ar of the macaque monkey
... locations in visual space or prior to saccades toward such locations. This spatially selective firing ...
... locations in visual space or prior to saccades toward such locations. This spatially selective firing ...
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... stained somata and fibers in some specimens (n ⫽ 3), it was estimated that they formed a subpopulation of about 50–60 fibers in the ventral somata cluster of the A3 neurons (A3-v, according to Rybak and Menzel, 1993) out of a total of approximately 110 GABA-immunoreactive MB neurons, which is genera ...
... stained somata and fibers in some specimens (n ⫽ 3), it was estimated that they formed a subpopulation of about 50–60 fibers in the ventral somata cluster of the A3 neurons (A3-v, according to Rybak and Menzel, 1993) out of a total of approximately 110 GABA-immunoreactive MB neurons, which is genera ...
M1 Corticospinal Mirror Neurons and Their Role in
... but reversed to 63% above it for execution. In Figure 3D, we estimate changes in maximum firing rates (nonnormalized) when the task switched from observation to execution. Pooling data from both monkeys, we calculated the mean firing rate for 38 F-F type mirror neurons (red bars), i.e., those facili ...
... but reversed to 63% above it for execution. In Figure 3D, we estimate changes in maximum firing rates (nonnormalized) when the task switched from observation to execution. Pooling data from both monkeys, we calculated the mean firing rate for 38 F-F type mirror neurons (red bars), i.e., those facili ...
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... Temporal Profile of the Fate of the Dead Neurons In the ischemic penumbra of the cerebral cortex in face B viewed by LMS, eosinophilic ischemic neurons appeared and spread in disseminated fashion among the normal-looking neurons in the second through sixth cortical layers approximately 5 hours after ...
... Temporal Profile of the Fate of the Dead Neurons In the ischemic penumbra of the cerebral cortex in face B viewed by LMS, eosinophilic ischemic neurons appeared and spread in disseminated fashion among the normal-looking neurons in the second through sixth cortical layers approximately 5 hours after ...
The contribution of intrinsic membrane dynamics to fast network
... frequency. It was then shown that in a two-population network of inhibitory and excitatory LIF neurons the population frequency depends both on the time constants of excitatory and inhibitory currents and on the relative strength of recurrent excitation and inhibition: the population frequency is de ...
... frequency. It was then shown that in a two-population network of inhibitory and excitatory LIF neurons the population frequency depends both on the time constants of excitatory and inhibitory currents and on the relative strength of recurrent excitation and inhibition: the population frequency is de ...
Simultaneous Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Entire Cortical
... in living coronal brain slices (typically ~400 μm thick). Even though many long-range axonal inputs to cortical columns within each slice are severed, this reductionist approach has provided a wealth of insight into layer-specific physiological properties of neurons and interlaminar flow of neural i ...
... in living coronal brain slices (typically ~400 μm thick). Even though many long-range axonal inputs to cortical columns within each slice are severed, this reductionist approach has provided a wealth of insight into layer-specific physiological properties of neurons and interlaminar flow of neural i ...
Anatomy Review - Interactive Physiology
... ________ or __________, and the signal can be modified as it passes from one neuron to the next. a. electrical synapses, excitatory, inhibitory b. chemical synapses, excitatory, inhibitory 29. (Page 7.) Chemical synapses are the most common type of ________, and they are associated with the most com ...
... ________ or __________, and the signal can be modified as it passes from one neuron to the next. a. electrical synapses, excitatory, inhibitory b. chemical synapses, excitatory, inhibitory 29. (Page 7.) Chemical synapses are the most common type of ________, and they are associated with the most com ...
Cellular scaling rules for the brain of afrotherians
... cortex in all animals was manually dissected from the striatum and other subcortical structures. The hippocampus was then dissected from each cortical hemisphere, under a stereoscope. The cerebral cortex of the hyrax specimens was then cut into 2 mm coronal sections in order to allow the dissection ...
... cortex in all animals was manually dissected from the striatum and other subcortical structures. The hippocampus was then dissected from each cortical hemisphere, under a stereoscope. The cerebral cortex of the hyrax specimens was then cut into 2 mm coronal sections in order to allow the dissection ...
Synapse
... ↓ing the threshold for excitation of the postsynaptic neurons. ii)Strychnine →↑ neuronal excitability by interfering with the action of glycine (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) on the neurons. iii)Anesthetics and hypnotics →↑ threshold for excitation of the neurons→↓ synaptic transmission. ...
... ↓ing the threshold for excitation of the postsynaptic neurons. ii)Strychnine →↑ neuronal excitability by interfering with the action of glycine (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) on the neurons. iii)Anesthetics and hypnotics →↑ threshold for excitation of the neurons→↓ synaptic transmission. ...
Frontal Eye Field Neurons Reflect Covert, Serial Shifts of Attention
... As shown above, FEF neurons reflected the allocation of attention to the target location just before the saccade, and to the adjacent, counter-clockwise, location just before that. We focused our analysis on decoding the shift of attention between these locations because, as noted above, there were ...
... As shown above, FEF neurons reflected the allocation of attention to the target location just before the saccade, and to the adjacent, counter-clockwise, location just before that. We focused our analysis on decoding the shift of attention between these locations because, as noted above, there were ...
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... stages that approximate initial and late periods of cortical neuronal differentiation. At E13.5, Gde2–/– mutants showed an ~50% decrease of layer VI Tbr1+ neurons during the peak period of layer VI neurogenesis (Fig. 2A,A⬘,G). By E17.5, however, the numbers of Tbr1+ neurons had recovered to WT level ...
... stages that approximate initial and late periods of cortical neuronal differentiation. At E13.5, Gde2–/– mutants showed an ~50% decrease of layer VI Tbr1+ neurons during the peak period of layer VI neurogenesis (Fig. 2A,A⬘,G). By E17.5, however, the numbers of Tbr1+ neurons had recovered to WT level ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.