Paper - Wharton Marketing
... Deciding when to leave a depleting resource to exploit another is a fundamental problem for all decision makers. The neuronal mechanisms mediating patch-leaving decisions remain unknown. We found that neurons in primate (Macaca mulatta) dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area that is linked to rew ...
... Deciding when to leave a depleting resource to exploit another is a fundamental problem for all decision makers. The neuronal mechanisms mediating patch-leaving decisions remain unknown. We found that neurons in primate (Macaca mulatta) dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area that is linked to rew ...
Olfactory modulation by dopamine in the context of aversive learning
... This task is made all the more difficult because most resources have patchy distributions and varying reward values. This variability establishes different behavioral contexts in which sensory information is encoded by the nervous system. The nervous system must therefore adjust its activity so that ...
... This task is made all the more difficult because most resources have patchy distributions and varying reward values. This variability establishes different behavioral contexts in which sensory information is encoded by the nervous system. The nervous system must therefore adjust its activity so that ...
Presentazione standard di PowerPoint
... Comment to a papers of Field, Tomassy, Gibson: In his comment on the paper by Tomassy et al.(1), Douglas Fields (2) said:” It is certainly time to set aside the frayed metaphor of myelin as insulation and appreciate the more fascinating reality”. The revolutionary data demonstrated that myelination ...
... Comment to a papers of Field, Tomassy, Gibson: In his comment on the paper by Tomassy et al.(1), Douglas Fields (2) said:” It is certainly time to set aside the frayed metaphor of myelin as insulation and appreciate the more fascinating reality”. The revolutionary data demonstrated that myelination ...
Developmental mechanics of the primate cerebral cortex
... specification of convolutions. Moreover, a spatial arrangement of cortical regions through the minimization of the axonal tension of interlinking fibers would lead to a reduction of cortical wire and volume (Van Essen 1997). Since the exact development, spatial layout, and density of long-range projec ...
... specification of convolutions. Moreover, a spatial arrangement of cortical regions through the minimization of the axonal tension of interlinking fibers would lead to a reduction of cortical wire and volume (Van Essen 1997). Since the exact development, spatial layout, and density of long-range projec ...
From swimming to walking with a salamander robot
... locomotor region (MLR) located in the midbrain (15). Low levels of stimulation induce the slow walking gait and, at some threshold, higher stimulation induces a rapid switch to the faster swimming mode. In both modes, the frequency of motion is proportional to the stimulation strength. Gait transiti ...
... locomotor region (MLR) located in the midbrain (15). Low levels of stimulation induce the slow walking gait and, at some threshold, higher stimulation induces a rapid switch to the faster swimming mode. In both modes, the frequency of motion is proportional to the stimulation strength. Gait transiti ...
Neuronal Activity and Ion Homeostasis in the Hypoxic Brain
... penumbra, thereby increasing the infarct size. This more abstract model allows for mathematical analysis of the underlying dynamics. In such a model, however, the link with the physiology is lost and it is not clear how to model the effects of, for example, a channel blocker. To be able to analyze t ...
... penumbra, thereby increasing the infarct size. This more abstract model allows for mathematical analysis of the underlying dynamics. In such a model, however, the link with the physiology is lost and it is not clear how to model the effects of, for example, a channel blocker. To be able to analyze t ...
Looking for the roots of cortical sensory computation in three
... selectivity to high-order spatiotemporal correlations in the visual field. It could be that DCx neurons are selective to high-order correlations, and process spatiotemporal sequences of distributed visual cues in a manner similar to how PCx processes spatio-temporal activation of specific glomeruli. ...
... selectivity to high-order spatiotemporal correlations in the visual field. It could be that DCx neurons are selective to high-order correlations, and process spatiotemporal sequences of distributed visual cues in a manner similar to how PCx processes spatio-temporal activation of specific glomeruli. ...
Functional Properties of Corticotectal Neurons in the Monkey`s
... field that could drive saccadic eye movements and neural pathways by which these signals could reach brain stem oculomotor centers. However, to understand how the cerebral cortex controls a specific behavior, it is not sufficient to know the types of activity in the cortex and the anatomical project ...
... field that could drive saccadic eye movements and neural pathways by which these signals could reach brain stem oculomotor centers. However, to understand how the cerebral cortex controls a specific behavior, it is not sufficient to know the types of activity in the cortex and the anatomical project ...
New Insights on Neural Basis of Choice
... neuroeconomics, a branch in neuroscience that is still in its infancy. Although choosing among different types of goods and products might be very challenging, our brains are able to compute our choice with a fascinating velocity. A large number of experiments have investigated the neural correlates ...
... neuroeconomics, a branch in neuroscience that is still in its infancy. Although choosing among different types of goods and products might be very challenging, our brains are able to compute our choice with a fascinating velocity. A large number of experiments have investigated the neural correlates ...
Mechanical Response Properties of A and C Primary Afferent
... migraine has typically been attributed to arterial pulsation, which might produce pain either through stretching/displacement of peri-arterial tissue or through the generation of pressure pulses that propagate throughout the closed intracranial space. The headache that develops after lumbar puncture ...
... migraine has typically been attributed to arterial pulsation, which might produce pain either through stretching/displacement of peri-arterial tissue or through the generation of pressure pulses that propagate throughout the closed intracranial space. The headache that develops after lumbar puncture ...
Lateral olfactory processing
... much less effective at eliminating the observed inhibition than the simultaneous blockade of both receptors at once. Interestingly, the magnitude of the lateral inhibition evoked by an odorant was wellcorrelated with the total activity that odorant evokes across all ORNs in the antennal lobe. This f ...
... much less effective at eliminating the observed inhibition than the simultaneous blockade of both receptors at once. Interestingly, the magnitude of the lateral inhibition evoked by an odorant was wellcorrelated with the total activity that odorant evokes across all ORNs in the antennal lobe. This f ...
the superior Olivary complex
... exclusively found in the SPON (Kulesza et al., 2003). Unlike the robust off response seen in the unanesthetized rabbit (e.g., see Figure 7–8), the off responses in the anesthetized rat often constitutes a single action potential. Neurons in the DMPO and SPON project to the ipsilateral IC using GABA ...
... exclusively found in the SPON (Kulesza et al., 2003). Unlike the robust off response seen in the unanesthetized rabbit (e.g., see Figure 7–8), the off responses in the anesthetized rat often constitutes a single action potential. Neurons in the DMPO and SPON project to the ipsilateral IC using GABA ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
... center of the steepest-slope segment of the audiogram. For this calculation, the threshold functions in Fig. 1A were shifted to align them on the steepest slope. The shifted threshold functions are shown in Fig. 1B. Four of the experiments had similar threshold functions, which are circled in Fig. 1 ...
... center of the steepest-slope segment of the audiogram. For this calculation, the threshold functions in Fig. 1A were shifted to align them on the steepest slope. The shifted threshold functions are shown in Fig. 1B. Four of the experiments had similar threshold functions, which are circled in Fig. 1 ...
Zhang Yufeng - USD Biology
... In the SDR condition, the rats obtained a reward after 2 s of nose poking. In the LDR condition, the rats were required to poke their nose for 7–11 s. ...
... In the SDR condition, the rats obtained a reward after 2 s of nose poking. In the LDR condition, the rats were required to poke their nose for 7–11 s. ...
Induction of NADPH diaphoraselnitric oxide synthase in the spinal
... nerves after axotomy (Yu, 1994). The aim of this study was to examine the expression of NADPH-d/NOS, if any, in the spinal motoneurons innervating the limb muscles in rats subjected to nonpenetrative blast. This is because our recent studies (Kaur et al., 1995, 1997) have reported atrophic changes u ...
... nerves after axotomy (Yu, 1994). The aim of this study was to examine the expression of NADPH-d/NOS, if any, in the spinal motoneurons innervating the limb muscles in rats subjected to nonpenetrative blast. This is because our recent studies (Kaur et al., 1995, 1997) have reported atrophic changes u ...
Generation of Theta and Gamma Rhythms in the Hippocampus
... following Schaffer collaterals stimulation (Fig. 6). Pairedpulses probe a system in a way that a single pulse could not. The second of a pair of pulses tests the excitability of the neurons at various delays (interpulse intervals, IPIs) after the first pulse perturbs the neural circuit. Paired-pulse ...
... following Schaffer collaterals stimulation (Fig. 6). Pairedpulses probe a system in a way that a single pulse could not. The second of a pair of pulses tests the excitability of the neurons at various delays (interpulse intervals, IPIs) after the first pulse perturbs the neural circuit. Paired-pulse ...
Chapter 20
... v. The cervical portion of each sympathetic trunk is subdivided into: a. superior cervical ganglion whose postganglionic fibers serve the head and heart b. middle cervical ganglion whose postganglionic fibers innervate the heart c. inferior cervical ganglion whose postganglionic fibers also innervat ...
... v. The cervical portion of each sympathetic trunk is subdivided into: a. superior cervical ganglion whose postganglionic fibers serve the head and heart b. middle cervical ganglion whose postganglionic fibers innervate the heart c. inferior cervical ganglion whose postganglionic fibers also innervat ...
Hippocampal mechanisms for the context-dependent retrieval of episodes 2005 Special issue
... variable intervals and similarity of events in a familiar environment. Here, this process has been modeled based on the physiological properties of the hippocampal formation, including mechanisms for sustained activity in entorhinal cortex and theta rhythm oscillations in hippocampal subregions. The ...
... variable intervals and similarity of events in a familiar environment. Here, this process has been modeled based on the physiological properties of the hippocampal formation, including mechanisms for sustained activity in entorhinal cortex and theta rhythm oscillations in hippocampal subregions. The ...
Signaling by truncated Dab1 protein - Development
... et al., 1997). However, this model does not provide a simple explanation for the accumulation of late-born CP neurons below early neurons in the Reln mutant cortex (outside-in layering). The late born neurons are thus accumulating in a region where reelin is not normally expressed. It has been propo ...
... et al., 1997). However, this model does not provide a simple explanation for the accumulation of late-born CP neurons below early neurons in the Reln mutant cortex (outside-in layering). The late born neurons are thus accumulating in a region where reelin is not normally expressed. It has been propo ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... recorded during different vigilance states in 14 rats. In this database, 97 were recorded both in SWS and W, 32 through an SWS to PS or a PS to SWS transition, and 30 during a PS to W transition. These cells were identified as presumed STN neurons on the basis of the short (~1 msec duration) and bip ...
... recorded during different vigilance states in 14 rats. In this database, 97 were recorded both in SWS and W, 32 through an SWS to PS or a PS to SWS transition, and 30 during a PS to W transition. These cells were identified as presumed STN neurons on the basis of the short (~1 msec duration) and bip ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
... of the recording sites indicates that I-only inhibition occurs most frequently when the recording site is clearly in the septum or at the barrel-septum junction. The same cells that respond with I-only inhibition to one whisker can show an excitatory discharge to other whiskers, usually followed by ...
... of the recording sites indicates that I-only inhibition occurs most frequently when the recording site is clearly in the septum or at the barrel-septum junction. The same cells that respond with I-only inhibition to one whisker can show an excitatory discharge to other whiskers, usually followed by ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.