Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... Many of the neuronal somas in the aggregates fluoresced when treated with anti-yy-enolase IgG. However, some of the cells in the aggregates reacted with anti-glial fibrillary protein IgG and anti-S-100 (PP) IgG, indicating that the aggregates contained glial cells as well as neurons. Anti-68K-neurof ...
... Many of the neuronal somas in the aggregates fluoresced when treated with anti-yy-enolase IgG. However, some of the cells in the aggregates reacted with anti-glial fibrillary protein IgG and anti-S-100 (PP) IgG, indicating that the aggregates contained glial cells as well as neurons. Anti-68K-neurof ...
Perception Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to
... Due to the sparsity of data points in some studies, the listed range of intervals may not reflect the full width of the window. For window data: positive interval, pre-post; negative interval, post-pre. NF, not found. * Activation of !-adrenergic receptors broadens this window to 3–15 ms. ...
... Due to the sparsity of data points in some studies, the listed range of intervals may not reflect the full width of the window. For window data: positive interval, pre-post; negative interval, post-pre. NF, not found. * Activation of !-adrenergic receptors broadens this window to 3–15 ms. ...
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... Enriched environment. Eight rats were housed in a large cage (45 ⫻ 76 ⫻ 90 cm) located in a room separate from the main rat colony. The enriched housing cage had four levels linked by ramps (Fig. 1B). Hanging chains and wind chimes hung over the entrance of two levels and produced unique sounds with ...
... Enriched environment. Eight rats were housed in a large cage (45 ⫻ 76 ⫻ 90 cm) located in a room separate from the main rat colony. The enriched housing cage had four levels linked by ramps (Fig. 1B). Hanging chains and wind chimes hung over the entrance of two levels and produced unique sounds with ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... core of the brainstem that extends from the rostral midbrain to the caudal medulla and is similar in structure and function to the intermediate gray matter in the spinal cord (see Figure 16.4 and Box A). Unlike the welldefined sensory and motor nuclei of the cranial nerves, the reticular formation c ...
... core of the brainstem that extends from the rostral midbrain to the caudal medulla and is similar in structure and function to the intermediate gray matter in the spinal cord (see Figure 16.4 and Box A). Unlike the welldefined sensory and motor nuclei of the cranial nerves, the reticular formation c ...
location and function of serotonin in the central and peripheral
... 1988); and Apis mellifera (Schafer et al. 1988). Circumstantial evidence suggest that biogenic amines play an important role in several aspects of feeding physiology, e.g. control of gut function, salivary glands, and processing of olfactory information (for a review see Evans 1980; Nassel 1986a, 19 ...
... 1988); and Apis mellifera (Schafer et al. 1988). Circumstantial evidence suggest that biogenic amines play an important role in several aspects of feeding physiology, e.g. control of gut function, salivary glands, and processing of olfactory information (for a review see Evans 1980; Nassel 1986a, 19 ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... as endogenous ligands for two orphan G-protein-coupled receptors in the lateral hypothalamic area. They were initially recognized as regulators of feeding behavior, but they are mainly regarded as key modulators of the sleep/wakefulness cycle. Orexins activate orexin neurons, monoaminergic and choli ...
... as endogenous ligands for two orphan G-protein-coupled receptors in the lateral hypothalamic area. They were initially recognized as regulators of feeding behavior, but they are mainly regarded as key modulators of the sleep/wakefulness cycle. Orexins activate orexin neurons, monoaminergic and choli ...
Spike train propagation in the axon of a visual interneuron,... Locusta migratoria
... Action potentials, such as those seen in axons, are required to send information over long distances. Action potentials are required to threshold out the noise, which would otherwise accumulate in a graded potential over long distances by the random opening of voltage-gated channels (Laughlin 2001). ...
... Action potentials, such as those seen in axons, are required to send information over long distances. Action potentials are required to threshold out the noise, which would otherwise accumulate in a graded potential over long distances by the random opening of voltage-gated channels (Laughlin 2001). ...
The Structure of Pairwise Correlation in Mouse Primary Visual
... Throughout sensory systems, neurons are organized by response preference, so that like-responding neurons are close to each other, creating a functional map [e.g., orientation pinwheels in primary visual cortex (V1)]. Despite the ubiquity of maps, their role is unclear. For example, although rodent ...
... Throughout sensory systems, neurons are organized by response preference, so that like-responding neurons are close to each other, creating a functional map [e.g., orientation pinwheels in primary visual cortex (V1)]. Despite the ubiquity of maps, their role is unclear. For example, although rodent ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... thereby affecting their availability for activation and thus the activity dependence of long-term synaptic changes. Such a contribution of astrocytes to synaptic metaplasticity fuels the emerging concept that astrocytes are dynamic partners of brain signaling. INTRODUCTION There is strong evidence f ...
... thereby affecting their availability for activation and thus the activity dependence of long-term synaptic changes. Such a contribution of astrocytes to synaptic metaplasticity fuels the emerging concept that astrocytes are dynamic partners of brain signaling. INTRODUCTION There is strong evidence f ...
One Computer Scientist`s (Deep) Superior Colliculus
... through eons of evolution. The study of these solutions and their applications in technical settings is called biomimetics and it has been a driving force in many areas of research. Biomimetic approaches at various levels are attractive especially in robotics due to the similarity of the challenges ...
... through eons of evolution. The study of these solutions and their applications in technical settings is called biomimetics and it has been a driving force in many areas of research. Biomimetic approaches at various levels are attractive especially in robotics due to the similarity of the challenges ...
the resonate-and-fire neuron: time dependent and frequency
... multiple approaches to neuronal modeling have been adopted, and each approach is adept at elucidating a specific aspect of nervous system function. Thus while biophysical models have strived to comprehend the dynamics of actual physical processes occurring within a nerve cell, the phenomenological a ...
... multiple approaches to neuronal modeling have been adopted, and each approach is adept at elucidating a specific aspect of nervous system function. Thus while biophysical models have strived to comprehend the dynamics of actual physical processes occurring within a nerve cell, the phenomenological a ...
Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila
... Dendrites – processes of neurons that are primarily specialized for information input – are one of nature’s remarkable architectural feats, and the diverse growth patterns shown by dendritic arbors raise important developmental questions. The particular shapes of dendrites are important in neuronal ...
... Dendrites – processes of neurons that are primarily specialized for information input – are one of nature’s remarkable architectural feats, and the diverse growth patterns shown by dendritic arbors raise important developmental questions. The particular shapes of dendrites are important in neuronal ...
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics
... of h controls the smoothness of the density landscape. It can be thought as the equivalent of the bin width in histograms. A large h will result in a very smooth landscape where only the gross features are represented, and the smaller h is chosen, the more local maxima appear. To select the appropri ...
... of h controls the smoothness of the density landscape. It can be thought as the equivalent of the bin width in histograms. A large h will result in a very smooth landscape where only the gross features are represented, and the smaller h is chosen, the more local maxima appear. To select the appropri ...
Topographic Organization of Corticospinal Projections from the
... precentral sulcus @PCS),and the ventral premotor area (PMv), which is in and adjacent to the caudal bank of the arcuate sulcus (ArS) at its inferior limb. In subsequent reports, we will present our findings on the origin of corticospinal projections from (1) the premotor areas on the medial wall of ...
... precentral sulcus @PCS),and the ventral premotor area (PMv), which is in and adjacent to the caudal bank of the arcuate sulcus (ArS) at its inferior limb. In subsequent reports, we will present our findings on the origin of corticospinal projections from (1) the premotor areas on the medial wall of ...
Inhibitory Plasticity Balances Excitation and Inhibition in Sensory
... processing in cortical networks, it is not understood by which mechanisms this balance is established and maintained during ongoing sensory experiences. Inspired by recent experimental results (7), we investigated the hypothesis that synaptic plasticity at inhibitory synapses plays a central role in ...
... processing in cortical networks, it is not understood by which mechanisms this balance is established and maintained during ongoing sensory experiences. Inspired by recent experimental results (7), we investigated the hypothesis that synaptic plasticity at inhibitory synapses plays a central role in ...
Cerebellar control of visceral responses–possible mechanisms
... same fastigial stimulation may now depress motility by enhancing the inhibitory adrenergic discharge. Hence, when the cerebellar influence on autonomic function is studied, it is of utmost importance to have full control of and insight into the level of activity in both, the various efferent autonom ...
... same fastigial stimulation may now depress motility by enhancing the inhibitory adrenergic discharge. Hence, when the cerebellar influence on autonomic function is studied, it is of utmost importance to have full control of and insight into the level of activity in both, the various efferent autonom ...
cerebellar projections to the superior colliculus in the cat1
... After the central injections (Fig. l), only one-third of the positive cells appeared to be labeled strongly. The largest number of labeled cells was situated in the contralateral lateral nucleus, mostly ventrally, although we found some dorsally in the caudal part. Only in two animals was a neuron f ...
... After the central injections (Fig. l), only one-third of the positive cells appeared to be labeled strongly. The largest number of labeled cells was situated in the contralateral lateral nucleus, mostly ventrally, although we found some dorsally in the caudal part. Only in two animals was a neuron f ...
Involvement of GABAergic and cholinergic medial septal neurons in
... Cholinergic MSDB lesions made by 192 IgG-saporin (SAP) injection reduce the amplitude, but do not eliminate HPC during locomotion (Lee et al., 1994). As mentioned earlier, HPC during locomotion may consist of two types. Albeit reduced, the presence of HPC after cholinergic MSDB lesions suggests t ...
... Cholinergic MSDB lesions made by 192 IgG-saporin (SAP) injection reduce the amplitude, but do not eliminate HPC during locomotion (Lee et al., 1994). As mentioned earlier, HPC during locomotion may consist of two types. Albeit reduced, the presence of HPC after cholinergic MSDB lesions suggests t ...
View/Open - DukeSpace
... corresponds roughly to a zone (F7) delineated by Matelli, Luppino, and Rizzolatti using cytoarchitectonics, ...
... corresponds roughly to a zone (F7) delineated by Matelli, Luppino, and Rizzolatti using cytoarchitectonics, ...
Potassium Currents Responsible for Inward and Outward
... Eighty-one neuronswere recordedin theseexperiments,and 55 were injected intracellularly with biocytin at the end of the recording period. All of the injected neuronshad the characteristic morphological features of the spiny projection neurons, which have been describedin detail previously (Wilson an ...
... Eighty-one neuronswere recordedin theseexperiments,and 55 were injected intracellularly with biocytin at the end of the recording period. All of the injected neuronshad the characteristic morphological features of the spiny projection neurons, which have been describedin detail previously (Wilson an ...
General Cortical and Special Prefrontal Connections: Principles
... far from each other and are architectonically distinct, but they have in common the simplest types of laminar structure (Figure 1c, i, c, ii). Neuronal density per unit volume is often a reliable indicator of type for sensory and association cortices. Other architectonic parameters also help describ ...
... far from each other and are architectonically distinct, but they have in common the simplest types of laminar structure (Figure 1c, i, c, ii). Neuronal density per unit volume is often a reliable indicator of type for sensory and association cortices. Other architectonic parameters also help describ ...
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires
... TrkC null mice has been confirmed previously by electron microscopy (Kucera et al., 1998). Although numbers of spindles were reduced in mutant NT3 or BDNF mice, the distribution of spindles in individual muscles paralleled that of wild-type mice. Spindles are restricted to specific regions of most j ...
... TrkC null mice has been confirmed previously by electron microscopy (Kucera et al., 1998). Although numbers of spindles were reduced in mutant NT3 or BDNF mice, the distribution of spindles in individual muscles paralleled that of wild-type mice. Spindles are restricted to specific regions of most j ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... they are the primary source of DA in target structures such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction ...
... they are the primary source of DA in target structures such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.