Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Encode a Quantitative Reward
... and the theoretically defined reward prediction error by determining what precise function of previous rewards best predicts the activity of these neurons. To this end, we recorded the activity of midbrain dopamine neurons while overtrained awake-behaving primates performed a saccadic timing task th ...
... and the theoretically defined reward prediction error by determining what precise function of previous rewards best predicts the activity of these neurons. To this end, we recorded the activity of midbrain dopamine neurons while overtrained awake-behaving primates performed a saccadic timing task th ...
The Role of Kisspeptin Signaling in Reproduction
... kisspeptins (Kp13, Kp14) have also been isolated corresponding to the carboxy terminus of Kp54. These shorter kisspeptins may represent degradation products, but they still retain full biological activity, as does a synthetic peptide of only 10 amino acids (Kp10). Kp14 is highly conserved between sp ...
... kisspeptins (Kp13, Kp14) have also been isolated corresponding to the carboxy terminus of Kp54. These shorter kisspeptins may represent degradation products, but they still retain full biological activity, as does a synthetic peptide of only 10 amino acids (Kp10). Kp14 is highly conserved between sp ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... investigated, tectal cell receptive fields probed with flashed or moving spots of light vary greatly in size, ranging from roughly circular fields 2-5 degrees across to complex fields extending some 160 degrees. The latter may have elongated or irregular shapes, with multiple subregions with differi ...
... investigated, tectal cell receptive fields probed with flashed or moving spots of light vary greatly in size, ranging from roughly circular fields 2-5 degrees across to complex fields extending some 160 degrees. The latter may have elongated or irregular shapes, with multiple subregions with differi ...
Neuromorphic computing
... Action potentials The activity of a neuron (its “output”) is the action potential (or spike), generated by voltage-gated ionic channels. 1. An external electric stimulus reach the membrane, depolarizing it. 2. Depolarization of the membrane opens Na+ channels ...
... Action potentials The activity of a neuron (its “output”) is the action potential (or spike), generated by voltage-gated ionic channels. 1. An external electric stimulus reach the membrane, depolarizing it. 2. Depolarization of the membrane opens Na+ channels ...
melanogaster
... exhibit a boost in their response to visual motion during ight compared to quiescence. Pharmacological application of octopamine evokes responses in quiescent ies that mimic those observed during ight, and octopamine neurons that project to the optic lobes increase in activity during ight. Using ...
... exhibit a boost in their response to visual motion during ight compared to quiescence. Pharmacological application of octopamine evokes responses in quiescent ies that mimic those observed during ight, and octopamine neurons that project to the optic lobes increase in activity during ight. Using ...
BMC Neuroscience
... alternative hypothesis, the pattern of connections depends on the cortical type of the linked areas [15]. Categorical types of cortices can be determined by the number of cortical layers, thickness of layer IV, and density of neurons and other cellular markers [16]. Within this scheme, ipsilateral p ...
... alternative hypothesis, the pattern of connections depends on the cortical type of the linked areas [15]. Categorical types of cortices can be determined by the number of cortical layers, thickness of layer IV, and density of neurons and other cellular markers [16]. Within this scheme, ipsilateral p ...
Significance of the cranial neural crest
... 2000). In this mutant, arch development is severely perturbed and the neural crest-derived pharyngeal cartilages are disorganised, often fusing with each other, or in the more posterior arches, failing to form altogether. This failure is not due to defects in the crest but results from the failure o ...
... 2000). In this mutant, arch development is severely perturbed and the neural crest-derived pharyngeal cartilages are disorganised, often fusing with each other, or in the more posterior arches, failing to form altogether. This failure is not due to defects in the crest but results from the failure o ...
Genetically identified spinal interneurons integrating tactile afferents
... neurons receiving sensory inputs from LTMRs have been identified as premotor INs [i.e., neurons projecting directly to motoneurons (Egger and Wall 1971; Hongo et al. 1989a, b)], whereas some have been observed in more ventral laminae VI and/or VII (Edgley and Jankowska 1987; Moschovakis et al. 1992; ...
... neurons receiving sensory inputs from LTMRs have been identified as premotor INs [i.e., neurons projecting directly to motoneurons (Egger and Wall 1971; Hongo et al. 1989a, b)], whereas some have been observed in more ventral laminae VI and/or VII (Edgley and Jankowska 1987; Moschovakis et al. 1992; ...
Dynamic Computation of Incentive Salience: “Wanting” What Was
... test day, actual taste rewards followed the appropriate cues (“CS plus UCS”). CSsalt and Figure 2. Examples of neural responses in two units to 5 s cue tones (CSsucrose and CSsalt) during baseline-replete (day 1, left CSsucrose trials were intermixed randomly in column unit) and sodium depletion (da ...
... test day, actual taste rewards followed the appropriate cues (“CS plus UCS”). CSsalt and Figure 2. Examples of neural responses in two units to 5 s cue tones (CSsucrose and CSsalt) during baseline-replete (day 1, left CSsucrose trials were intermixed randomly in column unit) and sodium depletion (da ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... demonstrate the additional complexity of the network compared to the classical view. The basal ganglia neuro-modulators adjust activity along the main axis by regulation of plasticity at the corticostriatal synapses (21, 22). The primary basal ganglia neuromodulators are dopamine (from midbrain dopa ...
... demonstrate the additional complexity of the network compared to the classical view. The basal ganglia neuro-modulators adjust activity along the main axis by regulation of plasticity at the corticostriatal synapses (21, 22). The primary basal ganglia neuromodulators are dopamine (from midbrain dopa ...
Cilia development, morphogenesis, and
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the
... covers a vast field especially since over the past two decades the issue of state transition has been intensely investigated from a number of different angles, incorporating cellular, electrophysiological, physiological and behavioural studies. We therefore propose to focus primarily on those findin ...
... covers a vast field especially since over the past two decades the issue of state transition has been intensely investigated from a number of different angles, incorporating cellular, electrophysiological, physiological and behavioural studies. We therefore propose to focus primarily on those findin ...
Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... drug addiction. In view of these well-established results, several studies investigated neuronal mechanisms of reward by studying the impulse activity of single neurons in the dopamine system and other presumptive reward structures. In particular, we were interested to understand which specific info ...
... drug addiction. In view of these well-established results, several studies investigated neuronal mechanisms of reward by studying the impulse activity of single neurons in the dopamine system and other presumptive reward structures. In particular, we were interested to understand which specific info ...
Identification of key signaling molecules involved - diss.fu
... input from the peripheral thermosensors, but also detects the local brain temperature as a central thermosensor. By integrating the peripheral and central temperature information, the preoptic area orchestrates thermoregulatory responses through different pathways. The sparse warm-sensitive neurons ...
... input from the peripheral thermosensors, but also detects the local brain temperature as a central thermosensor. By integrating the peripheral and central temperature information, the preoptic area orchestrates thermoregulatory responses through different pathways. The sparse warm-sensitive neurons ...
Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Oestradiol Negative and
... increased transmission as the frequency of the m.p.s.c. is proportional to the amount of synaptic contact, which would not be affected by a short-term block of firing activity. These mechanisms are not exclusive of one another; oestrogens have been reported to alter both neuronal activity and parame ...
... increased transmission as the frequency of the m.p.s.c. is proportional to the amount of synaptic contact, which would not be affected by a short-term block of firing activity. These mechanisms are not exclusive of one another; oestrogens have been reported to alter both neuronal activity and parame ...
Neural Networks
... The document itself is divided into different parts, which are again divided into chapters. Although the chapters contain cross-references, they are also individually accessible to readers with little previous knowledge. There are larger and smaller chapters: While the larger chapters should provide ...
... The document itself is divided into different parts, which are again divided into chapters. Although the chapters contain cross-references, they are also individually accessible to readers with little previous knowledge. There are larger and smaller chapters: While the larger chapters should provide ...
Neural Networks
... The document itself is divided into different parts, which are again divided into chapters. Although the chapters contain cross-references, they are also individually accessible to readers with little previous knowledge. There are larger and smaller chapters: While the larger chapters should provide ...
... The document itself is divided into different parts, which are again divided into chapters. Although the chapters contain cross-references, they are also individually accessible to readers with little previous knowledge. There are larger and smaller chapters: While the larger chapters should provide ...
Stimulus Configuration, Classical Conditioning, and
... do not respond to the US and are also segregated from those coding CR information. Wible, Findling, Shapiro, Lang, Crane, and Olton (1986) observed that, in a variety of learning tasks, hippocampal cells respond not only to individual stimuli but to combinations of stimulus dimensions such as color, ...
... do not respond to the US and are also segregated from those coding CR information. Wible, Findling, Shapiro, Lang, Crane, and Olton (1986) observed that, in a variety of learning tasks, hippocampal cells respond not only to individual stimuli but to combinations of stimulus dimensions such as color, ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... of the 5-HT receptor subtypes are reviewed. In addition there is evidence that the various serotonergic nuclei possess individual characteristics, such as the presence of cotransmitters, which may influence their anatomy and physiology. Before proceeding, it is important to obtain some general feeli ...
... of the 5-HT receptor subtypes are reviewed. In addition there is evidence that the various serotonergic nuclei possess individual characteristics, such as the presence of cotransmitters, which may influence their anatomy and physiology. Before proceeding, it is important to obtain some general feeli ...
Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... axons out of r4 rather than the usual r2 exit point. These data suggest that Hox genes play an essential role in defining specific motor neuron identities and behaviors. How do Hox genes control the specification and behavior of branchiomotor neurons, and where is Hox function needed for proper moto ...
... axons out of r4 rather than the usual r2 exit point. These data suggest that Hox genes play an essential role in defining specific motor neuron identities and behaviors. How do Hox genes control the specification and behavior of branchiomotor neurons, and where is Hox function needed for proper moto ...
Precise visuotopic organization of the blind spot representation in
... Wiesel 1992). Numerous studies have shown the involvement of early visual cortical areas but also of higher-order visual areas in providing top-down feedback to early visual cortex in these perceptual processes (De Weerd et al. 1995; Hochstein and Ahissar 2002; Lin and He 2012; Matsumoto and Komatsu ...
... Wiesel 1992). Numerous studies have shown the involvement of early visual cortical areas but also of higher-order visual areas in providing top-down feedback to early visual cortex in these perceptual processes (De Weerd et al. 1995; Hochstein and Ahissar 2002; Lin and He 2012; Matsumoto and Komatsu ...
Input-driven components of spike-frequency adaptation can be
... unidentified mechanosensory transduction channels at the cilium or dendrite. The auditory nerve contains the axons of the receptor neurons. Note that there is no synapse between the site of mechanosensory transduction and the fibers in the auditory nerve, in contrast to the mammalian inner ear. The ...
... unidentified mechanosensory transduction channels at the cilium or dendrite. The auditory nerve contains the axons of the receptor neurons. Note that there is no synapse between the site of mechanosensory transduction and the fibers in the auditory nerve, in contrast to the mammalian inner ear. The ...
Dopaminergic control of the globus pallidus and its impact
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
SAD Kinases Sculpt Axonal Arbors of Sensory Neurons through
... proprioceptor axons were present in the cuneate fascicle and nucleus as reported previously (Figures 3G–3G00 ; Solbach and Celio, 1991). Proprioceptor axons were also abundant in the cuneate fascicle of SADIsl1-cre mutants, but their numbers were dramatically reduced in the cuneate nucleus (Figures ...
... proprioceptor axons were present in the cuneate fascicle and nucleus as reported previously (Figures 3G–3G00 ; Solbach and Celio, 1991). Proprioceptor axons were also abundant in the cuneate fascicle of SADIsl1-cre mutants, but their numbers were dramatically reduced in the cuneate nucleus (Figures ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.