The Relation between Dendritic Geometry
... the number of primary dendrites could account for up to 50% of this correlation. Fourthly, dendritic arborization was not correlated with axonal projection, and axonal projection types could not be predicted by electrical excitability parameters. We conclude that 1) dendritic polarity is correlated ...
... the number of primary dendrites could account for up to 50% of this correlation. Fourthly, dendritic arborization was not correlated with axonal projection, and axonal projection types could not be predicted by electrical excitability parameters. We conclude that 1) dendritic polarity is correlated ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
... include the influence of two extrinsic inputs: a large ‘feedback’ projection from layer VI of visual cortex (for implementation of graceful degradation, discussed below) and an equally large ascending projection from the brainstem (gating by state, arousal, attention, and eye movements). Figure 2 (l ...
... include the influence of two extrinsic inputs: a large ‘feedback’ projection from layer VI of visual cortex (for implementation of graceful degradation, discussed below) and an equally large ascending projection from the brainstem (gating by state, arousal, attention, and eye movements). Figure 2 (l ...
- CUNY Academic Works
... (VTA) and projects to forebrain regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), amygdala (AMG) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). These forebrain regions will be referred to as the DA terminal regions. The neural mechanisms underlying this type of rewardrelated learning in this system are not fully understo ...
... (VTA) and projects to forebrain regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), amygdala (AMG) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). These forebrain regions will be referred to as the DA terminal regions. The neural mechanisms underlying this type of rewardrelated learning in this system are not fully understo ...
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
... of food. After repeated training trails the sound alone triggered an increased salivation, indicating that the dogs indeed formed and association between US and CS. A comprehensive overview about classical conditioning can be found in Murphy and Lupfer [2]. In the next section I will focus on the re ...
... of food. After repeated training trails the sound alone triggered an increased salivation, indicating that the dogs indeed formed and association between US and CS. A comprehensive overview about classical conditioning can be found in Murphy and Lupfer [2]. In the next section I will focus on the re ...
The effect of selective attention on auditory frequency
... When we listen to a friend in a noisy café, the segregation between information and noise depends largely on the differences in neural level representations of the auditory inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortic ...
... When we listen to a friend in a noisy café, the segregation between information and noise depends largely on the differences in neural level representations of the auditory inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortic ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... synaptogenesis (Lendvai et al 2000). In this scheme, spines constantly form by seeking out presynaptic partners and stabilizing into functional spines of any morphology. The size, not the morphology, is the more relevant characteristic and is related to the strength of the synapse at any point in ti ...
... synaptogenesis (Lendvai et al 2000). In this scheme, spines constantly form by seeking out presynaptic partners and stabilizing into functional spines of any morphology. The size, not the morphology, is the more relevant characteristic and is related to the strength of the synapse at any point in ti ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
... the area (its dendritic field) that encompasses its sensory and/or synaptic inputs16,17. Second, the branching pattern and density of dendrites must be suitable for sampling and processing the signals that converge onto the dendritic field18,19. Third, dendrites need to have the flexibility for adju ...
... the area (its dendritic field) that encompasses its sensory and/or synaptic inputs16,17. Second, the branching pattern and density of dendrites must be suitable for sampling and processing the signals that converge onto the dendritic field18,19. Third, dendrites need to have the flexibility for adju ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
... frogs whose stage of development was noted, all but 2 had their ventral roots cut at stages XVI or XVII (average stage = 16.0). Further testing of the frogs in this group confirmed that regeneration of motoneurons was either nonspecific or weak, in that motoneurons died, failed to reinnervate foreli ...
... frogs whose stage of development was noted, all but 2 had their ventral roots cut at stages XVI or XVII (average stage = 16.0). Further testing of the frogs in this group confirmed that regeneration of motoneurons was either nonspecific or weak, in that motoneurons died, failed to reinnervate foreli ...
Theta phase shift in spike timing and modulation of gamma oscillation
... et al. 2008). Low-frequency gamma oscillations (30 – 45 Hz) in CA1 reflect inputs from CA3, while high-frequency gamma oscillations (60 –90 Hz) reflect inputs from entorhinal cortex (Bragin et al. 1995; Colgin et al. 2009). Gamma oscillations occur at different frequencies, depending on running spee ...
... et al. 2008). Low-frequency gamma oscillations (30 – 45 Hz) in CA1 reflect inputs from CA3, while high-frequency gamma oscillations (60 –90 Hz) reflect inputs from entorhinal cortex (Bragin et al. 1995; Colgin et al. 2009). Gamma oscillations occur at different frequencies, depending on running spee ...
as Adobe PDF - Edinburgh Research Explorer
... as projecting to the posterior pituitary but which did not participate in this bursting activity could ...
... as projecting to the posterior pituitary but which did not participate in this bursting activity could ...
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
... into three distinct neural phases in which each phase reflects a “state” of the oscillating network rather than a particular configuration of the motor output. In other words, a cycle phase in this context means a recurring episode when one or more groups of neurons in the network discharge a charac ...
... into three distinct neural phases in which each phase reflects a “state” of the oscillating network rather than a particular configuration of the motor output. In other words, a cycle phase in this context means a recurring episode when one or more groups of neurons in the network discharge a charac ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... The development of the vertebrate nervous system proceeds via a series of well-conserved steps during which the correct numbers of neurons are specified and assume appropriate positions in order to establish precise connectivity patterns (for a review, see Guillemot, 2007). However, the exact mechan ...
... The development of the vertebrate nervous system proceeds via a series of well-conserved steps during which the correct numbers of neurons are specified and assume appropriate positions in order to establish precise connectivity patterns (for a review, see Guillemot, 2007). However, the exact mechan ...
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis
... Anterodorsal and lateral projection neurons (aPNs and lPNs). These neurons of the Drosophila antennal lobe are crucial for olfactory processing. They receive excitatory input from olfactory receptor neurons in glomeruli and transmit signals to the mushroom body and lateral horn. Cerebellar granule n ...
... Anterodorsal and lateral projection neurons (aPNs and lPNs). These neurons of the Drosophila antennal lobe are crucial for olfactory processing. They receive excitatory input from olfactory receptor neurons in glomeruli and transmit signals to the mushroom body and lateral horn. Cerebellar granule n ...
Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep
... This segregated activity is in agreement with REM sleep generation mechanisms in animals, which involve cholinergic processes arising from brainstem structures and activating the cortex via the thalamus and basal forebrain.33-35 REM sleep is also the sleep stage during which dreams are prominent. Th ...
... This segregated activity is in agreement with REM sleep generation mechanisms in animals, which involve cholinergic processes arising from brainstem structures and activating the cortex via the thalamus and basal forebrain.33-35 REM sleep is also the sleep stage during which dreams are prominent. Th ...
ARTICLE Hierarchy of orofacial rhythms revealed through whisking and breathing
... airway valve muscles13. The drive for rhythmic whisking remains to be identified. However, whisking persists after decortication7,14 and sensory deafferentation7,15,16, which suggests that it too involves a rhythmic generator in the brainstem. Furthermore, the facial motor neurons that drive the mus ...
... airway valve muscles13. The drive for rhythmic whisking remains to be identified. However, whisking persists after decortication7,14 and sensory deafferentation7,15,16, which suggests that it too involves a rhythmic generator in the brainstem. Furthermore, the facial motor neurons that drive the mus ...
Intracellular and extracellular signatures of action potentials
... The action potential is considered one of the major signalling events in the brain and malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of actio ...
... The action potential is considered one of the major signalling events in the brain and malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of actio ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
... The neuronal basis of circadian rhythms is considered to be restricted to a specific neural network of identified clock neurons both in arthropods and vertebrates. Especially the use of genetically tractable model organisms has greatly facilitated the identification of molecules, neuronal and glial ...
... The neuronal basis of circadian rhythms is considered to be restricted to a specific neural network of identified clock neurons both in arthropods and vertebrates. Especially the use of genetically tractable model organisms has greatly facilitated the identification of molecules, neuronal and glial ...
Examination of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
... considered a thyroid hormone inactivating enzyme in euthyroid conditions by producing inactive rT3 or T2 [14]. The liver and kidney, where D1 participates in the clearance of TH derivatives, contains a relatively large concentration of this enzyme, but D1 is also present in the anterior pituitary, i ...
... considered a thyroid hormone inactivating enzyme in euthyroid conditions by producing inactive rT3 or T2 [14]. The liver and kidney, where D1 participates in the clearance of TH derivatives, contains a relatively large concentration of this enzyme, but D1 is also present in the anterior pituitary, i ...
Serotonin in Affective Control
... We adopt Marr (1982)’s framework for the analysis and interpretation of neural systems, which has played an influential role in the understanding of dopamine’s role in appetitive conditioning. This framework distinguishes three levels of analysis: computational, algorithmic/representational and impl ...
... We adopt Marr (1982)’s framework for the analysis and interpretation of neural systems, which has played an influential role in the understanding of dopamine’s role in appetitive conditioning. This framework distinguishes three levels of analysis: computational, algorithmic/representational and impl ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
... medial prefrontal cortex as well as on GABAergic (c-aminobutyric-acid-containing) neurons in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus. These results establish that distinct VTA circuits generate reward and aversion, and thereby provide a new framework for understanding the circuit basis of adaptive and pa ...
... medial prefrontal cortex as well as on GABAergic (c-aminobutyric-acid-containing) neurons in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus. These results establish that distinct VTA circuits generate reward and aversion, and thereby provide a new framework for understanding the circuit basis of adaptive and pa ...
Author`s personal copy - Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives
... in PD patients (Dostrovsky et al., 2000) and sup ported by computational models (Johnson and McIntyre, 2008). On the other hand, no clear time-lock has been observed in another study on MPTP-treated monkeys (McCairn and Turner, 2009), where the majority of GPi and GPe neu rons responded to repeate ...
... in PD patients (Dostrovsky et al., 2000) and sup ported by computational models (Johnson and McIntyre, 2008). On the other hand, no clear time-lock has been observed in another study on MPTP-treated monkeys (McCairn and Turner, 2009), where the majority of GPi and GPe neu rons responded to repeate ...
Motif distribution, dynamical properties, and computational
... between excitatory and inhibitory neurons located in different layers, i.e. layer 2/3, 4 and 5, differ significantly for the functional and the potential microcircuit template (see Thomson and Lamy, 2007). In addition this dataset also includes neurons in layer 6. We investigate these two cortical mi ...
... between excitatory and inhibitory neurons located in different layers, i.e. layer 2/3, 4 and 5, differ significantly for the functional and the potential microcircuit template (see Thomson and Lamy, 2007). In addition this dataset also includes neurons in layer 6. We investigate these two cortical mi ...
PDF
... The MLF is required for FBMN migration from r5 to r6 To examine a potential role for the MLF during the later stage of FBMN migration, as neurons proceed from r5 into r6 at ~20-22 hpf, we surgically blocked MLF axons from entering the hindbrain. Our approach was similar to methodology previously dev ...
... The MLF is required for FBMN migration from r5 to r6 To examine a potential role for the MLF during the later stage of FBMN migration, as neurons proceed from r5 into r6 at ~20-22 hpf, we surgically blocked MLF axons from entering the hindbrain. Our approach was similar to methodology previously dev ...
Theta Modulation in the Medial and the Lateral Entorhinal Cortices
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.