Dopaminergic control of the globus pallidus and its impact
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders
... 1Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto Western Research Institute, Ontario, Canada and 2Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Division of ...
... 1Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto Western Research Institute, Ontario, Canada and 2Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Division of ...
Neural Activity in Macaque Parietal Cortex Reflects
... of the patch was 5° from the point of fixation, 2 The RT is the time from motion onset until saccade initiation. On all trials, the random dots were superimposed on a dim dynamic radians counterclockwise along the circle pixel noise texture background. On two-thirds of trials, the texture included a ...
... of the patch was 5° from the point of fixation, 2 The RT is the time from motion onset until saccade initiation. On all trials, the random dots were superimposed on a dim dynamic radians counterclockwise along the circle pixel noise texture background. On two-thirds of trials, the texture included a ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Eliminates
... three stimulus conditions: no fluid stimulus (NS), 0.003 M quinine hydrochloride (Q), or distilled water (W). This assignment indicated the stimulus condition on the test day. Behavioral procedures were based on those described by Harrer and Travers (1996). Rats were habituated and tested in a cylin ...
... three stimulus conditions: no fluid stimulus (NS), 0.003 M quinine hydrochloride (Q), or distilled water (W). This assignment indicated the stimulus condition on the test day. Behavioral procedures were based on those described by Harrer and Travers (1996). Rats were habituated and tested in a cylin ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... It was not until later in the 19th century, however, when improved anesthesia and aseptic surgical techniques allowed direct experimental study of the cerebral cortex in live subjects, that conclusive experimental evidence for a discrete region of the cerebral cortex devoted to motor function was po ...
... It was not until later in the 19th century, however, when improved anesthesia and aseptic surgical techniques allowed direct experimental study of the cerebral cortex in live subjects, that conclusive experimental evidence for a discrete region of the cerebral cortex devoted to motor function was po ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
... using the rat IMG as a model of synaptic transmission to test the hypothesis that the safety factor (i.e., the tendency for a preganglionic action potential to evoke an action potential in a postganglionic neuron) is increased in DOCA-salt HT. Intracellular recordings of IMG neurons with concurrent ...
... using the rat IMG as a model of synaptic transmission to test the hypothesis that the safety factor (i.e., the tendency for a preganglionic action potential to evoke an action potential in a postganglionic neuron) is increased in DOCA-salt HT. Intracellular recordings of IMG neurons with concurrent ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... identified at 10× magnification. Each labeled cell was marked by a dot on the drawing. Labeled cells were identified on the basis that they contained a nucleus. In many cases a nucleolus was seen, but no attempt was make to ensure that each counted cell contained a nucleolus. For this reason, the co ...
... identified at 10× magnification. Each labeled cell was marked by a dot on the drawing. Labeled cells were identified on the basis that they contained a nucleus. In many cases a nucleolus was seen, but no attempt was make to ensure that each counted cell contained a nucleolus. For this reason, the co ...
Motor Resonance Meets Motor Performance - Unitn
... 1). The authors employed a naturalistic experimental paradigm in which the activity of single neurons was recorded during the occurrence of spontaneous movements performed by the animals. In this way they defined different neuronal populations according to their firing properties. In a first work si ...
... 1). The authors employed a naturalistic experimental paradigm in which the activity of single neurons was recorded during the occurrence of spontaneous movements performed by the animals. In this way they defined different neuronal populations according to their firing properties. In a first work si ...
THESIS D - Krishikosh
... I express my sincere thanks to Mr. S. N. Gawande. University Librarian, MAFSU, Nagpur. I also offer my sincere thanks to Mr. Dinesh Patil, Assistant Professors of Statistics, Department of Veterinary Genetics, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur for their suggestions and guidance as and when required ...
... I express my sincere thanks to Mr. S. N. Gawande. University Librarian, MAFSU, Nagpur. I also offer my sincere thanks to Mr. Dinesh Patil, Assistant Professors of Statistics, Department of Veterinary Genetics, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur for their suggestions and guidance as and when required ...
Empathic choice involves vmPFC value signals that are modulated
... were bidding would receive any DVD purchased plus any remaining cash from the $10. Note that since only one trial was selected to count, the subjects did not have to worry about spreading the $10 dollars across the different films and could treat every decision as if it were the only one. No decepti ...
... were bidding would receive any DVD purchased plus any remaining cash from the $10. Note that since only one trial was selected to count, the subjects did not have to worry about spreading the $10 dollars across the different films and could treat every decision as if it were the only one. No decepti ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... pyramidal-neuron function will eventually be developed that will explain why these neurons have their characteristic structural features and how variations in pyramidal-neuron structure and molecular composition allow different types of pyramidal neurons to perform specialized functions. ...
... pyramidal-neuron function will eventually be developed that will explain why these neurons have their characteristic structural features and how variations in pyramidal-neuron structure and molecular composition allow different types of pyramidal neurons to perform specialized functions. ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... The relative numbers of neuronal cell types produced during pineal complex development are very consistent across embryos, suggesting the existence of a robust molecular mechanism that governs cell specification in the pineal complex. Indeed, within the pineal organ, BMP and Notch activity regulate ...
... The relative numbers of neuronal cell types produced during pineal complex development are very consistent across embryos, suggesting the existence of a robust molecular mechanism that governs cell specification in the pineal complex. Indeed, within the pineal organ, BMP and Notch activity regulate ...
Experience-Dependent Sharpening of Visual Shape Selectivity in
... novel objects and showed orientation-dependent responses to objects during image-plane rotation. Kobatake and Tanaka (1998) conducted ITC recordings from anesthetized monkeys and found sharpened tuning for trained compared with novel stimuli. Booth and Rolls (1998) found ITC responses to familiar ob ...
... novel objects and showed orientation-dependent responses to objects during image-plane rotation. Kobatake and Tanaka (1998) conducted ITC recordings from anesthetized monkeys and found sharpened tuning for trained compared with novel stimuli. Booth and Rolls (1998) found ITC responses to familiar ob ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... dorsally, area 14 rostroventrally, and area 10, which caps the frontal pole. There is comparatively less information on the functions or connections of anterior medial areas, although recent studies have provided evidence that area 9 has an important role in the selection of appropriate responses in ...
... dorsally, area 14 rostroventrally, and area 10, which caps the frontal pole. There is comparatively less information on the functions or connections of anterior medial areas, although recent studies have provided evidence that area 9 has an important role in the selection of appropriate responses in ...
The what, where and how of auditory
... might contribute to computations that involve target selection, the online computational processing of dynamic auditory information, audiomotor processing and other computations that involve organization of the auditory scene (see REFS 42,43,51–54 for reviews of hierarchical processing of speech in ...
... might contribute to computations that involve target selection, the online computational processing of dynamic auditory information, audiomotor processing and other computations that involve organization of the auditory scene (see REFS 42,43,51–54 for reviews of hierarchical processing of speech in ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... wakefulness, are particularly numerous in the VLPO (Alam et al., 1995; Szymusiak et al., 1998). The sleep-positive neurons in the VLPO innervate the histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) (Sherin et al., 1996). These projections originate from a dense cluster of VLPO neurons jus ...
... wakefulness, are particularly numerous in the VLPO (Alam et al., 1995; Szymusiak et al., 1998). The sleep-positive neurons in the VLPO innervate the histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) (Sherin et al., 1996). These projections originate from a dense cluster of VLPO neurons jus ...
Spatial and Temporal Structure of Receptive Fields in Primate
... structure was virtually unaffected by changes in scanning velocity over the range from 20 to 80 mm/sec. The simplest explanation for this invariance in spatial structure is that the excitatory and inhibitory effects in area 3b are all brief and synchronous. But this explanation fails to account for ...
... structure was virtually unaffected by changes in scanning velocity over the range from 20 to 80 mm/sec. The simplest explanation for this invariance in spatial structure is that the excitatory and inhibitory effects in area 3b are all brief and synchronous. But this explanation fails to account for ...
Patterns of GABAergic Immunoreactivity Define Subdivisions of the
... such neurons. While the rostral pole nucleus (RP;E,F)is included here within the territory of the ventral division, it may actually belong to the dorsal division on the basis of its connectionswith the inferior colliculus (Wenstrup and Winer, '87) and cytoarchitecture (Winer and Wenstrup, '92b). If ...
... such neurons. While the rostral pole nucleus (RP;E,F)is included here within the territory of the ventral division, it may actually belong to the dorsal division on the basis of its connectionswith the inferior colliculus (Wenstrup and Winer, '87) and cytoarchitecture (Winer and Wenstrup, '92b). If ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... nuclei. Many of the neurons in these areas code for local aspects of any one scene, such as the orientation of an edge, or the colour and depth of a surface patch. Much of this information is ambiguous and is compatible with many different interpretations of the overall scene. In mathematical terms, ...
... nuclei. Many of the neurons in these areas code for local aspects of any one scene, such as the orientation of an edge, or the colour and depth of a surface patch. Much of this information is ambiguous and is compatible with many different interpretations of the overall scene. In mathematical terms, ...
Primate Frontal Eye Fields. II. Physiological and Anatomical
... saccades, and light anesthesia can give an illusion of elicited nystagmus because the eyes persistently drift back after each saccade. A given electrode site yields saccades with a characteristic direction and amplitude that are largely independent of stimulation parameters. For example, prolonged s ...
... saccades, and light anesthesia can give an illusion of elicited nystagmus because the eyes persistently drift back after each saccade. A given electrode site yields saccades with a characteristic direction and amplitude that are largely independent of stimulation parameters. For example, prolonged s ...
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area
... of movement sequences (Goldberg, 1985; Tanji, 1994). More recently, the region traditionally included within the SMA has been subdivided into two distinct areas: the SMA proper (SMA) and a more rostrally located presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) (Luppino et al., 1991; Matsuzaka et al., 1992; Pic ...
... of movement sequences (Goldberg, 1985; Tanji, 1994). More recently, the region traditionally included within the SMA has been subdivided into two distinct areas: the SMA proper (SMA) and a more rostrally located presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) (Luppino et al., 1991; Matsuzaka et al., 1992; Pic ...
EEG & Sleep
... • Amplitude of waves in EEG depends on how much the waves are synchronized / coordinated. • If waves are synchronized, there is increased amplitude. • If desynchronized, there are deflections in different directions & these neutralize each other, resulting into a small amplitude like in beta waves. ...
... • Amplitude of waves in EEG depends on how much the waves are synchronized / coordinated. • If waves are synchronized, there is increased amplitude. • If desynchronized, there are deflections in different directions & these neutralize each other, resulting into a small amplitude like in beta waves. ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... may arise overwhelmingly from the upper layers (II–III) of one area, mostly from the deep layers (V–VI) of another area, or in different laminar proportions in other areas. The axons of the various projection areas also terminate in different layers of the cortex of destination. Some areas innervate ...
... may arise overwhelmingly from the upper layers (II–III) of one area, mostly from the deep layers (V–VI) of another area, or in different laminar proportions in other areas. The axons of the various projection areas also terminate in different layers of the cortex of destination. Some areas innervate ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.