Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... 2002; Jessen et al., 2002). However, since other components of the PCP pathway do not affect facial motor neuron migration, the mechanism by which tri/stb mediates migration remains uncertain. It is also unclear how the disruption of Hox patterning affects this process on a cellular level. Similarly ...
... 2002; Jessen et al., 2002). However, since other components of the PCP pathway do not affect facial motor neuron migration, the mechanism by which tri/stb mediates migration remains uncertain. It is also unclear how the disruption of Hox patterning affects this process on a cellular level. Similarly ...
Short English summery Thesis OuTline
... Next, we addressed the question how the AA phenotype is induced in MS lesions. It has been suggested that in MS lesions foamy macrophages have a AA phenotype, since they expressed little pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS. In vitro, myelin ingestion was found to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ...
... Next, we addressed the question how the AA phenotype is induced in MS lesions. It has been suggested that in MS lesions foamy macrophages have a AA phenotype, since they expressed little pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS. In vitro, myelin ingestion was found to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ...
A neural theory of speech acquisition and production
... speech sound map to the auditory error map in Fig. 1. The target encodes the allowable variability of the acoustic signal throughout the duration of the syllable. The use of target regions, rather than points, is an important aspect of the DIVA model that provides a unified explanation for a wide ran ...
... speech sound map to the auditory error map in Fig. 1. The target encodes the allowable variability of the acoustic signal throughout the duration of the syllable. The use of target regions, rather than points, is an important aspect of the DIVA model that provides a unified explanation for a wide ran ...
Hippocampal CA1 atrophy and synaptic loss during
... and the mechanisms underlying these deficits remain poorly understood. Neuronal injury and synaptic loss have been shown to occur within the hippocampus in other neurodegenerative disease models, and these pathologies have been correlated with cognitive impairment. Whether hippocampal abnormalities ...
... and the mechanisms underlying these deficits remain poorly understood. Neuronal injury and synaptic loss have been shown to occur within the hippocampus in other neurodegenerative disease models, and these pathologies have been correlated with cognitive impairment. Whether hippocampal abnormalities ...
Wide field-of-view, twin-region two-photon imaging across extended
... due to the densely packed neuropil and sensitive neuroanatomy that is best probed with minimally invasive approaches. Two-photon1 population calcium imaging in vivo2 offers many distinct advantages over alternative approaches such as metal electrodes. Two-photon calcium imaging provides unambiguous ...
... due to the densely packed neuropil and sensitive neuroanatomy that is best probed with minimally invasive approaches. Two-photon1 population calcium imaging in vivo2 offers many distinct advantages over alternative approaches such as metal electrodes. Two-photon calcium imaging provides unambiguous ...
Orientation Preference Patterns in Mammalian Visual Cortex: A Wire
... ent at every point (Girman et al., 1999). This is despite the fact that each individual neuron is well tuned for orientation. The situation in rat V1 raises a question about the relation between the tuning of neuronal response and the tuning of the connection function. Although they are related, the ...
... ent at every point (Girman et al., 1999). This is despite the fact that each individual neuron is well tuned for orientation. The situation in rat V1 raises a question about the relation between the tuning of neuronal response and the tuning of the connection function. Although they are related, the ...
Introduction 9 INTRODUCTION Circadian rhythms in physiology and
... SCN abolish the adrenal corticosterone rhythm, as well as rhythms in drinking and locomotor activity. In 1990, it was demonstrated that transplantation of the SCN into an arrhythmic SCN-lesioned animal restores rhythmicity with a period that is characteristic of the donor, providing unambiguous evid ...
... SCN abolish the adrenal corticosterone rhythm, as well as rhythms in drinking and locomotor activity. In 1990, it was demonstrated that transplantation of the SCN into an arrhythmic SCN-lesioned animal restores rhythmicity with a period that is characteristic of the donor, providing unambiguous evid ...
Enlargement of Axo-Somatic Contacts Formed by
... These studies suggest that altered activity of the PFC may contribute to the behavioral phenotype of AN among humans and of ABA among rodents, thereby ultimately affecting individuals’ decisions to exercise or to eat. Excitability of the PFC is determined, in part, by the intracortical circuitry com ...
... These studies suggest that altered activity of the PFC may contribute to the behavioral phenotype of AN among humans and of ABA among rodents, thereby ultimately affecting individuals’ decisions to exercise or to eat. Excitability of the PFC is determined, in part, by the intracortical circuitry com ...
MECHANISMS OF VERTEBRATE SYNAPTOGENESIS
... to undergo synaptogenesis, and the latter as “inducing molecules,” because they appear to trigger synaptogenesis (see Figure 2). As discussed below, these molecules can be divided into several classes on the basis of when in the cascade of synaptogenesis they appear to function, and they include dif ...
... to undergo synaptogenesis, and the latter as “inducing molecules,” because they appear to trigger synaptogenesis (see Figure 2). As discussed below, these molecules can be divided into several classes on the basis of when in the cascade of synaptogenesis they appear to function, and they include dif ...
The neuroepithelial basement membrane serves as a boundary and
... Pard6gb results in an ectopic ventral migration in which facial branchiomotor neurons escape from the hindbrain through holes in the Laminin-containing basement membrane. Mosaic analysis reveals that the requirement for aPKC is cell-nonautonomous, indicating that it is likely required in the surroun ...
... Pard6gb results in an ectopic ventral migration in which facial branchiomotor neurons escape from the hindbrain through holes in the Laminin-containing basement membrane. Mosaic analysis reveals that the requirement for aPKC is cell-nonautonomous, indicating that it is likely required in the surroun ...
Subicular and CA1 hippocampal projections to the accessory
... (Barber and Field, 1975; Davis et al., 1978; Barber, 1982), tracers such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Broadwell and Jacobowitz, 1976; Davis et al., 1978) or dextran-amines (MartinezMarcos and Halpern, 1999a) have not shown retrograde labeling in CA1 or subiculum. Only injections of HRP affecting ...
... (Barber and Field, 1975; Davis et al., 1978; Barber, 1982), tracers such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Broadwell and Jacobowitz, 1976; Davis et al., 1978) or dextran-amines (MartinezMarcos and Halpern, 1999a) have not shown retrograde labeling in CA1 or subiculum. Only injections of HRP affecting ...
mecp2 and the epigenetic regulation of excitatory synaptic
... ability of each cell in an organism, all genetically identical, to differentiate into a particular cell type to serve a specific purpose. Our kidney, skin, and blood cells, and even our neurons, all share the same genetic makeup, but all perform significantly different functions within our bodies du ...
... ability of each cell in an organism, all genetically identical, to differentiate into a particular cell type to serve a specific purpose. Our kidney, skin, and blood cells, and even our neurons, all share the same genetic makeup, but all perform significantly different functions within our bodies du ...
Frontal Eye Field Neurons Reflect Covert, Serial Shifts of Attention
... of objects in the visual array from 2 to 4. The behavioral RT to find the target during search increased by 22 ms for every item added to the visual array, suggesting that it took the animals approximately 44 ms to shift their attentional spotlight (see Fig. S1 and experimental methods for details). ...
... of objects in the visual array from 2 to 4. The behavioral RT to find the target during search increased by 22 ms for every item added to the visual array, suggesting that it took the animals approximately 44 ms to shift their attentional spotlight (see Fig. S1 and experimental methods for details). ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
... intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 pyramidal cells. Previous studies have confirmed that these neurons express KCNQ/M channels (Shah et al., 2002) that give rise to a conspicuous IM on dep ...
... intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 pyramidal cells. Previous studies have confirmed that these neurons express KCNQ/M channels (Shah et al., 2002) that give rise to a conspicuous IM on dep ...
Review Article Type 3 adenylyl cyclase: a key enzyme mediating the
... membrane, like antennae, which is spatially optimal for detection. For these reasons, microtubule-based cilia are structurally suited to detect mechanical force, and sensing mechanical force could be a common feature for various cilia of many cell types. Indeed, mechanosensing cilia in vertebrates i ...
... membrane, like antennae, which is spatially optimal for detection. For these reasons, microtubule-based cilia are structurally suited to detect mechanical force, and sensing mechanical force could be a common feature for various cilia of many cell types. Indeed, mechanosensing cilia in vertebrates i ...
Edge of chaos and prediction of computational performance for
... time t. Note that the readout neurons do not have access to the analog state of the circuit neurons, but only to the filtered version of their output spike trains. Under these unpleasant but apparently unavoidable simplifying assumptions we propose in Sections 4 and 5 new quantitative criteria based ...
... time t. Note that the readout neurons do not have access to the analog state of the circuit neurons, but only to the filtered version of their output spike trains. Under these unpleasant but apparently unavoidable simplifying assumptions we propose in Sections 4 and 5 new quantitative criteria based ...
The role of spiking nonlinearity in contrast gain control
... 1999; Shapley & Enroth-Cugell, 1984) should arise at least partly from the nonlinearity of the system. This does not reflect any underlying adaptive gain control of the system. The threshold h and g are responsible for producing this bell-like gain tuning curve, which indeed belongs to the coherence ...
... 1999; Shapley & Enroth-Cugell, 1984) should arise at least partly from the nonlinearity of the system. This does not reflect any underlying adaptive gain control of the system. The threshold h and g are responsible for producing this bell-like gain tuning curve, which indeed belongs to the coherence ...
Fluorescence Recordings of Electrical Activity in Goldfish Optic
... aspect of the tectum. Properly cut thick slices included a short section of both the dorsal and ventral branches of the optic tract. These slices remain physiologically viable as assessed by the appearance of extracellular synaptically generated field potentials of 2-4 mV in amplitude consequent to ...
... aspect of the tectum. Properly cut thick slices included a short section of both the dorsal and ventral branches of the optic tract. These slices remain physiologically viable as assessed by the appearance of extracellular synaptically generated field potentials of 2-4 mV in amplitude consequent to ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... rather than neuronal loss. Several recent studies have examined whether abnormalities of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in ...
... rather than neuronal loss. Several recent studies have examined whether abnormalities of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in ...
Might the olfactory bulb be an origin of olfactory auras in focal
... (Crosby et al., 1962; Parent, 1996; Sarnat, 2016b), and its sequence of neuronal maturation and synaptic circuitry are equally unique and not yet mature at birth (Sarnat and Yu, 2016; Sarnat and Flores-Sarnat, 2017b). Complete maturation of the olfactory bulb is not necessary for initial function, t ...
... (Crosby et al., 1962; Parent, 1996; Sarnat, 2016b), and its sequence of neuronal maturation and synaptic circuitry are equally unique and not yet mature at birth (Sarnat and Yu, 2016; Sarnat and Flores-Sarnat, 2017b). Complete maturation of the olfactory bulb is not necessary for initial function, t ...
Anticipated synchronization in neuronal circuits
... AS was also verified in experiments with electronic circuits [13, 14, 15, 16]. The electronic circuits allow for a real-time anticipation of even strongly irregular signals. It was found that synchronization of the driven circuit with chaotic future states of the driving circuit is insensitive to si ...
... AS was also verified in experiments with electronic circuits [13, 14, 15, 16]. The electronic circuits allow for a real-time anticipation of even strongly irregular signals. It was found that synchronization of the driven circuit with chaotic future states of the driving circuit is insensitive to si ...
Review Process
... It is not entirely clear, at least to me, why the Ca oscillations to CCK are reduced in frequency in TRPML-/- cells. CCK recruits both the IP3 and NAADP pathways, neither of which are thought to act on TRPML. Perhaps the Ca content of the lysosome has changed, indirectly affecting the NAADP response ...
... It is not entirely clear, at least to me, why the Ca oscillations to CCK are reduced in frequency in TRPML-/- cells. CCK recruits both the IP3 and NAADP pathways, neither of which are thought to act on TRPML. Perhaps the Ca content of the lysosome has changed, indirectly affecting the NAADP response ...
Article
... thresholds for the 2T conditions were in the range of 20% of the target (Wright et al., 1997; Karmarkar and Buonomano, 2003). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant interaction between conditions (FIX 3 VAR) and tone number (2T 3 3T; F = 57.75; n = 15; p < 0.0001), demonstrati ...
... thresholds for the 2T conditions were in the range of 20% of the target (Wright et al., 1997; Karmarkar and Buonomano, 2003). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant interaction between conditions (FIX 3 VAR) and tone number (2T 3 3T; F = 57.75; n = 15; p < 0.0001), demonstrati ...
physiological organization of layer 4 in macaque striate cortex
... with the center of the screen. The latter adjustments in azimuth and elevation were made by moving the cart and by adjusting the tilt of the animal’s head. In general, this alignment was required only once for any given electrode penetration. Receptive field analysis. Every unit that we encountered ...
... with the center of the screen. The latter adjustments in azimuth and elevation were made by moving the cart and by adjusting the tilt of the animal’s head. In general, this alignment was required only once for any given electrode penetration. Receptive field analysis. Every unit that we encountered ...
Phase Precession and Variable Spatial Scaling in a Periodic
... proposed that phase precession is generated by the sum of two oscillators of slightly different frequencies: theta, and an intrinsic oscillation frequency of the neuron. This interference pattern gives rise to an envelope (the place field) whose frequency is the difference between the two basis frequ ...
... proposed that phase precession is generated by the sum of two oscillators of slightly different frequencies: theta, and an intrinsic oscillation frequency of the neuron. This interference pattern gives rise to an envelope (the place field) whose frequency is the difference between the two basis frequ ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.