Article
... thresholds for the 2T conditions were in the range of 20% of the target (Wright et al., 1997; Karmarkar and Buonomano, 2003). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant interaction between conditions (FIX 3 VAR) and tone number (2T 3 3T; F = 57.75; n = 15; p < 0.0001), demonstrati ...
... thresholds for the 2T conditions were in the range of 20% of the target (Wright et al., 1997; Karmarkar and Buonomano, 2003). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant interaction between conditions (FIX 3 VAR) and tone number (2T 3 3T; F = 57.75; n = 15; p < 0.0001), demonstrati ...
Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region
... The despondent narrator of this song has concluded that his love is now unrequited. He came to this conclusion because his beloved avoided his gaze. He might have been wrong (she might not have seen him, or she might have been coy), but for better or worse his judgement was based on information deri ...
... The despondent narrator of this song has concluded that his love is now unrequited. He came to this conclusion because his beloved avoided his gaze. He might have been wrong (she might not have seen him, or she might have been coy), but for better or worse his judgement was based on information deri ...
Neural dynamics of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movement
... target velocity, retinal slip signals from MT− become smaller, so MSTv cells receive less excitation. Simultaneously, background motion in the opposite direction becomes correspondingly larger. The model exploits the compensatory nature of such background whole-field motion, computed in MSTd, by add ...
... target velocity, retinal slip signals from MT− become smaller, so MSTv cells receive less excitation. Simultaneously, background motion in the opposite direction becomes correspondingly larger. The model exploits the compensatory nature of such background whole-field motion, computed in MSTd, by add ...
contextual influences on visual processing
... Unless neurophysiologists use stimuli embodying the “semantics” of natural images, they will advance—with or without the inclusion of behavioral links—only a few fledgling steps toward an understanding of the neuronal bases of perception. To illustrate this assertion, imagine attempting to understan ...
... Unless neurophysiologists use stimuli embodying the “semantics” of natural images, they will advance—with or without the inclusion of behavioral links—only a few fledgling steps toward an understanding of the neuronal bases of perception. To illustrate this assertion, imagine attempting to understan ...
The Role of the Terminal Nerve and GnRH in Olfactory System
... Animals receive important information about their environment via their sensory organs, enabling organisms to respond appropriately to external cues. The olfactory system plays an important role in translating environmental chemical information into electrical signals that can be recognized accurate ...
... Animals receive important information about their environment via their sensory organs, enabling organisms to respond appropriately to external cues. The olfactory system plays an important role in translating environmental chemical information into electrical signals that can be recognized accurate ...
On real-world temporal pattern recognition using Liquid State
... The world around us is extremely dynamic, everything changes continuously over time. Whether it’s growth, development or just plain physics, we’re surrounded with change. Nature equipped us very well to deal with it. We’re brilliant at detecting and coping with these changes, even as they do occur o ...
... The world around us is extremely dynamic, everything changes continuously over time. Whether it’s growth, development or just plain physics, we’re surrounded with change. Nature equipped us very well to deal with it. We’re brilliant at detecting and coping with these changes, even as they do occur o ...
Network Self-Organization Explains the Statistics and
... The information processing abilities of neural circuits arise from their synaptic connection patterns. Understanding the laws governing these connectivity patterns is essential for understanding brain function. The overall distribution of synaptic strengths of local excitatory connections in cortex ...
... The information processing abilities of neural circuits arise from their synaptic connection patterns. Understanding the laws governing these connectivity patterns is essential for understanding brain function. The overall distribution of synaptic strengths of local excitatory connections in cortex ...
Visually induced and spontaneous behavior in the zebrafish
... by three successive steps (Clark et al., 2013). First is the need to characterize reproducible behavior. This is done by identifying environmental features that reliably trigger a motor response either by observing natural behavior, or, by training animals to perform a S/R association. Then, brain r ...
... by three successive steps (Clark et al., 2013). First is the need to characterize reproducible behavior. This is done by identifying environmental features that reliably trigger a motor response either by observing natural behavior, or, by training animals to perform a S/R association. Then, brain r ...
Reith RM, McKenna J, Wu H, Hashmi SS, Cho SH, Dash PK, Gambello MJ. Loss of Tsc2 in Purkinje cells is associated with autistic-like behavior in a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurobiology of Disease. 2013 Mar;51:93-103.
... GABA dysfunction, and decreased attention-related cerebellar activation: were found in about 90% of autistic patients in both MRI and autopsy studies, further supporting a role for the cerebellum in ASD (Allen and Courchesne, 2003; Courchesne, 1997; Courchesne et al., 1994; Fatemi et al., 2012; Hash ...
... GABA dysfunction, and decreased attention-related cerebellar activation: were found in about 90% of autistic patients in both MRI and autopsy studies, further supporting a role for the cerebellum in ASD (Allen and Courchesne, 2003; Courchesne, 1997; Courchesne et al., 1994; Fatemi et al., 2012; Hash ...
Spatiotemporal Profiles of Proprioception Processed by
... Muscle spindles in the jaw-closing muscles, which are innervated by trigeminal mesencephalic neurons (MesV neurons), control the strength of occlusion and the position of the mandible. The mechanisms underlying cortical processing of proprioceptive information are critical to understanding how senso ...
... Muscle spindles in the jaw-closing muscles, which are innervated by trigeminal mesencephalic neurons (MesV neurons), control the strength of occlusion and the position of the mandible. The mechanisms underlying cortical processing of proprioceptive information are critical to understanding how senso ...
Parallel basal ganglia circuits for voluntary and
... related literature. Instead, we explore the literature widely in relation to reward-oriented behaviour, some of which have been rarely discussed in basal ganglia research. This exploratory approach may raise more questions and therefore our discussions may often be speculative. By doing so, however, ...
... related literature. Instead, we explore the literature widely in relation to reward-oriented behaviour, some of which have been rarely discussed in basal ganglia research. This exploratory approach may raise more questions and therefore our discussions may often be speculative. By doing so, however, ...
Neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex code relative
... and Murray, 2004). These observations suggest that the OFC is processing not only reward information but also aversive information. In this study, we focused on how the OFC codes aversive information as well as reward information at the individual neuron level. One hypothesis is that reward informat ...
... and Murray, 2004). These observations suggest that the OFC is processing not only reward information but also aversive information. In this study, we focused on how the OFC codes aversive information as well as reward information at the individual neuron level. One hypothesis is that reward informat ...
L1CAM/Neuroglian controls the axon–axon interactions establishing
... nrg14-null mutant flies rescued by a wild-type Pacman construct (nrg14; P[nrg_wt]), all MB axons project through the pedunculus (Fig. 1 B, arrow) to the anterior part of the brain, where they branch and project into vertical and medial lobes indistinguishable from controls (Fig. 1, B, G, and H). In ...
... nrg14-null mutant flies rescued by a wild-type Pacman construct (nrg14; P[nrg_wt]), all MB axons project through the pedunculus (Fig. 1 B, arrow) to the anterior part of the brain, where they branch and project into vertical and medial lobes indistinguishable from controls (Fig. 1, B, G, and H). In ...
Research in Mammalian Mastication1
... The program selector is connected to and capable of generating rhythmic motor activities have been defined in many organ- the actual motor subroutines by the selecisms (Delcomyn, 1980). CPGs are capable tor interneurons (C in Fig. 1); these output of generating properly timed and some- neurons speci ...
... The program selector is connected to and capable of generating rhythmic motor activities have been defined in many organ- the actual motor subroutines by the selecisms (Delcomyn, 1980). CPGs are capable tor interneurons (C in Fig. 1); these output of generating properly timed and some- neurons speci ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... 6) Chapters 3 and 6 include text and figures from first author published work (Vigneswaran et al., 2013, Vigneswaran et al., 2011). ...
... 6) Chapters 3 and 6 include text and figures from first author published work (Vigneswaran et al., 2013, Vigneswaran et al., 2011). ...
Neuroscience Information Framework Standard Ontologies
... into a hierarchy and – Precisely specifying how the classes are ‘related’ with each other (i.e., logical axioms) ...
... into a hierarchy and – Precisely specifying how the classes are ‘related’ with each other (i.e., logical axioms) ...
Behavioural Brain Research Learning processing in the basal ganglia
... The concept of corticostriatal convergence and disperse repetition of matrisomes in the striatum is in contrast to the concept of segregated and parallel corticostriatal circuits. There is a current debate about which of these concepts better explains corticostriatal functioning [22,72]. Many studie ...
... The concept of corticostriatal convergence and disperse repetition of matrisomes in the striatum is in contrast to the concept of segregated and parallel corticostriatal circuits. There is a current debate about which of these concepts better explains corticostriatal functioning [22,72]. Many studie ...
Structure and Central Connections Of PERIPHERAL OLFACTORY
... and duct cells of Bowman’s glands, the major source of mucus in the olfactory epithelium. The third cell type is the poorly understood microvillar cell located at the surface of the epithelium. Microvillar cells, which look similar to the so-called brush cells found throughout the upper and lower a ...
... and duct cells of Bowman’s glands, the major source of mucus in the olfactory epithelium. The third cell type is the poorly understood microvillar cell located at the surface of the epithelium. Microvillar cells, which look similar to the so-called brush cells found throughout the upper and lower a ...
Sensory experience and the formation of a computational map of
... transmit signals from the receptor cells to their targets exhibit the same spatial order as that of the receptor cells within the sense organ. This is also the case for most of the ascending and descending connections that exist between successive levels of processing within the central nervous syst ...
... transmit signals from the receptor cells to their targets exhibit the same spatial order as that of the receptor cells within the sense organ. This is also the case for most of the ascending and descending connections that exist between successive levels of processing within the central nervous syst ...
Playing the electric light orchestra—how electrical stimulation of
... such as amblyopia, blindness and visual hallucinations. Prominent methods currently used to investigate the function of visual cortex are often correlational and include neuroimaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrophysiological techniques, such as single cell neuro ...
... such as amblyopia, blindness and visual hallucinations. Prominent methods currently used to investigate the function of visual cortex are often correlational and include neuroimaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrophysiological techniques, such as single cell neuro ...
Nineteen
... clinicians. The trigeminothalamic pathways serve the same functions as the spinothalamic and medial lemniscus systems, but for the head. They also were mentioned in Chapter 8 in connection with the central connections of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves, The general sensory ...
... clinicians. The trigeminothalamic pathways serve the same functions as the spinothalamic and medial lemniscus systems, but for the head. They also were mentioned in Chapter 8 in connection with the central connections of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves, The general sensory ...
On the importance of the transient visual response in the superior
... The transient visual signal is generated by neurons with the appropriate input structure Figure 1 highlights important brain areas involved in the orienting network that have been identified and reviewed in detail elsewhere [6,7,11,12–15]. The SC is a critical hub in this circuit. It is a multi-la ...
... The transient visual signal is generated by neurons with the appropriate input structure Figure 1 highlights important brain areas involved in the orienting network that have been identified and reviewed in detail elsewhere [6,7,11,12–15]. The SC is a critical hub in this circuit. It is a multi-la ...
Stress - Neuroanatomy
... you were with and where you were going. It also reminds you that it was awful. But these are all just facts about the situation. They are memories of the emotional experience rather than emotional memories. In general, one difference between emotional and cognitive processing is that emotional proce ...
... you were with and where you were going. It also reminds you that it was awful. But these are all just facts about the situation. They are memories of the emotional experience rather than emotional memories. In general, one difference between emotional and cognitive processing is that emotional proce ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
... States, and is a major risk factor for subsequent development of cardiovascular disease. Increased sympathetic outflow precedes the development of HT in humans and is associated with the development of HT in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt rats. The celiac, along with the superior (SMG) and ...
... States, and is a major risk factor for subsequent development of cardiovascular disease. Increased sympathetic outflow precedes the development of HT in humans and is associated with the development of HT in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt rats. The celiac, along with the superior (SMG) and ...
Lecture 14 Olfaction
... cannot smell it and might put on a lot. • Receptor adaptation: The biochemical phenomenon that occurs after continuous exposure to an odorant, whereby the receptors stop responding to the odorant and ...
... cannot smell it and might put on a lot. • Receptor adaptation: The biochemical phenomenon that occurs after continuous exposure to an odorant, whereby the receptors stop responding to the odorant and ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.