Superior Colliculus and Visual Spatial Attention
... 2004, Fecteau et al. 2004). These results support the view that activity in the SC reflects both the stimulus-driven and top-down factors that regulate spatial attention and saccade selection (Fecteau & Munoz 2006). Although SC activity may have been restricted to spatial attention associated with ey ...
... 2004, Fecteau et al. 2004). These results support the view that activity in the SC reflects both the stimulus-driven and top-down factors that regulate spatial attention and saccade selection (Fecteau & Munoz 2006). Although SC activity may have been restricted to spatial attention associated with ey ...
studying the isolated central nervous system
... their pupils. One became interested in the subject, read around it, and in the end knew much more than would be required by the yearly examination. Subjects, people and places, all came to life and were as real to me as the everyday events. In the sixth form my main teacher, "Jasper" Machin did not ...
... their pupils. One became interested in the subject, read around it, and in the end knew much more than would be required by the yearly examination. Subjects, people and places, all came to life and were as real to me as the everyday events. In the sixth form my main teacher, "Jasper" Machin did not ...
Full Article
... infected SPN and IN. Appositions were studied with either a 40 objective or a 100 oil-immersion objective, and they were manifested by well-defined varicosities apparently lying directly on the apposed neuron. To be considered apposed by an axon, a neuron needed to exhibit only one, well-character ...
... infected SPN and IN. Appositions were studied with either a 40 objective or a 100 oil-immersion objective, and they were manifested by well-defined varicosities apparently lying directly on the apposed neuron. To be considered apposed by an axon, a neuron needed to exhibit only one, well-character ...
Multisensory Integration in the Ventral Intraparietal Area of the
... of interactions but rather their occurrence. Multisensory stimulation also affects the neuronal response latencies of bimodal stimuli. For a given neuron, these are on average intermediate between the two unimodal response latencies, again suggesting latent postsynaptic mechanisms. In summary, we sh ...
... of interactions but rather their occurrence. Multisensory stimulation also affects the neuronal response latencies of bimodal stimuli. For a given neuron, these are on average intermediate between the two unimodal response latencies, again suggesting latent postsynaptic mechanisms. In summary, we sh ...
PDF of article - Janelia Research Campus
... The Drosophila brain is formed by an invariant set of lineages, each of which is derived from a unique neural stem cell (neuroblast) and forms a genetic and structural unit of the brain. The task of reconstructing brain circuitry at the level of individual neurons can be made significantly easier by ...
... The Drosophila brain is formed by an invariant set of lineages, each of which is derived from a unique neural stem cell (neuroblast) and forms a genetic and structural unit of the brain. The task of reconstructing brain circuitry at the level of individual neurons can be made significantly easier by ...
Pictures of pain: their contribution to the
... observation’, and ‘no form of esthetic appreciation . . . can be fully envisaged without considering mirror systems and their role in embodied and empathetic responses . . .’ (Gallese and Freedberg, 2007). Although these authors thus clearly envisaged a major role for mirror neurons in the response ...
... observation’, and ‘no form of esthetic appreciation . . . can be fully envisaged without considering mirror systems and their role in embodied and empathetic responses . . .’ (Gallese and Freedberg, 2007). Although these authors thus clearly envisaged a major role for mirror neurons in the response ...
connections of the hypothalamus and preoptic area with nuclei of
... 26, 27, 33-36, 38, 39). The distribution of amygdalopetal pathways which arise from the hypothalamus and preoptic area has been partly established in some experimental animals (4-6, 19, 20, 26, 27, 33-36, 38, 39). However, few data are available concerning the exact distribution of hypothalamic neur ...
... 26, 27, 33-36, 38, 39). The distribution of amygdalopetal pathways which arise from the hypothalamus and preoptic area has been partly established in some experimental animals (4-6, 19, 20, 26, 27, 33-36, 38, 39). However, few data are available concerning the exact distribution of hypothalamic neur ...
Different neurotrophins are expressed and act in a developmental
... grown without neurotrophins (Fig. 1). Trigeminal neurons exhibit a transitory survival response to BDNF and NT-3 prior to naturally occurring cell death The survival effects of neurotrophins on cultured embryonic trigeminal neurons are clearly observed after 48 hours incubation when virtually all ne ...
... grown without neurotrophins (Fig. 1). Trigeminal neurons exhibit a transitory survival response to BDNF and NT-3 prior to naturally occurring cell death The survival effects of neurotrophins on cultured embryonic trigeminal neurons are clearly observed after 48 hours incubation when virtually all ne ...
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... PFC, Barbas and Pandya (21) found two distinct trends in gradual changes in laminar characteristics that can be traced from the limbic periallocortex toward the isocortical areas. Based on cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic analysis, they observed that one of the architectonic trends takes a r ...
... PFC, Barbas and Pandya (21) found two distinct trends in gradual changes in laminar characteristics that can be traced from the limbic periallocortex toward the isocortical areas. Based on cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic analysis, they observed that one of the architectonic trends takes a r ...
The Timing of Response Onset and Offset in Macaque
... a gray background and confined to the central region of the RF determined from the reverse-correlation map. A was the disk of opposite contrast to P. (2) Annuli: P was an annulus of maximum or minimum luminance that was confined to the surround determined from the spatial reverse-correlation, and A ...
... a gray background and confined to the central region of the RF determined from the reverse-correlation map. A was the disk of opposite contrast to P. (2) Annuli: P was an annulus of maximum or minimum luminance that was confined to the surround determined from the spatial reverse-correlation, and A ...
The Optic Tectum of Birds - Department of Psychology
... Psychology, and Cristian Gutierrez-Ibanez and Janelle M. P. Pakan, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB; and Andrew N. Iwaniuk, Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB. Acknowledgements: This study was ...
... Psychology, and Cristian Gutierrez-Ibanez and Janelle M. P. Pakan, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB; and Andrew N. Iwaniuk, Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB. Acknowledgements: This study was ...
The migration of neural crest cells and the growth of
... and the dermomyotome, although some cells do find their way down the lateral sides of the neural tube, and into the sclerotome. In addition, at cranial levels the pattern of crest cells becomes complicated by the craniocaudal migration of vagal neural crest cells. Control sections, treated with eith ...
... and the dermomyotome, although some cells do find their way down the lateral sides of the neural tube, and into the sclerotome. In addition, at cranial levels the pattern of crest cells becomes complicated by the craniocaudal migration of vagal neural crest cells. Control sections, treated with eith ...
Evidence for a distributed hierarchy of action
... In this quote and later discussions he captured five essential ideas that form the foundations of research in action representation. The first is the notion of chaining. His concept of a chaining structure for movement elements is very different from an earlier theory of chaining proposed by Sherringto ...
... In this quote and later discussions he captured five essential ideas that form the foundations of research in action representation. The first is the notion of chaining. His concept of a chaining structure for movement elements is very different from an earlier theory of chaining proposed by Sherringto ...
Theroleofdendritesinauditory coincidence detection
... known electrophysiology and geometry of these cells, we show here that dendrites improve the coincidence-detection properties of the cells. The biophysical mechanism for this improvement is based on the nonlinear summation of excitatory inputs in each of the dendrites and the use of each dendrite as ...
... known electrophysiology and geometry of these cells, we show here that dendrites improve the coincidence-detection properties of the cells. The biophysical mechanism for this improvement is based on the nonlinear summation of excitatory inputs in each of the dendrites and the use of each dendrite as ...
Spinal Cord Neural Modeling for Clinical Applications
... Jeffrey Arle, M.D., Ph.D. (Board-certified, fellowship-trained neurosurgeon and Associate Chief of Neurosurgery at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center) was responsible for initiating, leading, and supervising this research. He conceived and wrote the original version of the neural simulation softwa ...
... Jeffrey Arle, M.D., Ph.D. (Board-certified, fellowship-trained neurosurgeon and Associate Chief of Neurosurgery at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center) was responsible for initiating, leading, and supervising this research. He conceived and wrote the original version of the neural simulation softwa ...
Chapter 21: Control and Coordination
... Although the spinal cord is surrounded by the vertebrae of your spine, spinal cord injuries do occur. They can be just as dangerous as a brain injury. Injury to the spine can bring about damage to nerve pathways and result in paralysis (puh RA luh suhs), which is the loss of muscle movement. As show ...
... Although the spinal cord is surrounded by the vertebrae of your spine, spinal cord injuries do occur. They can be just as dangerous as a brain injury. Injury to the spine can bring about damage to nerve pathways and result in paralysis (puh RA luh suhs), which is the loss of muscle movement. As show ...
Non-coding-regulatory regions of human brain genes delineated by
... Northern blot analysis demonstrated high levels of transcripts of the mouse Amotl1 gene in the brain, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, kidney, and uterus [16]. These results differed from previously reported immunohistochemical analysis demonstrating absence of expression in the brain, heart, and kidne ...
... Northern blot analysis demonstrated high levels of transcripts of the mouse Amotl1 gene in the brain, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, kidney, and uterus [16]. These results differed from previously reported immunohistochemical analysis demonstrating absence of expression in the brain, heart, and kidne ...
Axonal Localization of Integrins in the CNS Is Neuronal Type and
... Clearly, integrins can only stimulate axon regeneration if they are present in the axon at the site of damage. In the current study, we have asked whether integrins are transported into sensory axons including DRG and retinal ganglia neurons (RGCs), and into several types of adult neurons including ...
... Clearly, integrins can only stimulate axon regeneration if they are present in the axon at the site of damage. In the current study, we have asked whether integrins are transported into sensory axons including DRG and retinal ganglia neurons (RGCs), and into several types of adult neurons including ...
Mutations in sodium-channel gene SCN9A cause a spectrum of
... or the proteins that regulate them), all involving the same Nav1.7 sodium channel, underlie all three of these disorders (3–8). These discoveries allow better understanding not only of the molecular pathogenesis of these particular disorders but also of the molecular pathophysiology of pain (9). Sod ...
... or the proteins that regulate them), all involving the same Nav1.7 sodium channel, underlie all three of these disorders (3–8). These discoveries allow better understanding not only of the molecular pathogenesis of these particular disorders but also of the molecular pathophysiology of pain (9). Sod ...
From Thought to Action
... However, intracellular recordings are challenging in live-animal studies because the electrode tip must be stabilized within the cell body while brain matter pulses by millimeters with each heart beat. In contrast, extracellular recordings from a single electrode allow the simultaneous observation o ...
... However, intracellular recordings are challenging in live-animal studies because the electrode tip must be stabilized within the cell body while brain matter pulses by millimeters with each heart beat. In contrast, extracellular recordings from a single electrode allow the simultaneous observation o ...
Measurement of variability dynamics in cortical spike trains
... 1987). The rate modulated, or non-homogenous renewal process generalizes this concept (Baker and Lemon, 2000; Barbieri et al., 2001; Berry and Meister, 1998; Brown et al., 2001; Oata, 1988; Oram et al., 1999; Reich et al., 1998; Truccolo et al., 2005). Let f (x ) denote the p.d.f. for an arbitrary ...
... 1987). The rate modulated, or non-homogenous renewal process generalizes this concept (Baker and Lemon, 2000; Barbieri et al., 2001; Berry and Meister, 1998; Brown et al., 2001; Oata, 1988; Oram et al., 1999; Reich et al., 1998; Truccolo et al., 2005). Let f (x ) denote the p.d.f. for an arbitrary ...
Neuronal Activity and Ion Homeostasis in the Hypoxic Brain
... parameters, excitability of the neuronal populations and synaptic strengths [18, 19], from EEGs of patients with epilepsy. After ischemia, not only the synaptic, buy also the single cell dynamics are altered due to pathophysiological and pharmacological changes. The relation between the population d ...
... parameters, excitability of the neuronal populations and synaptic strengths [18, 19], from EEGs of patients with epilepsy. After ischemia, not only the synaptic, buy also the single cell dynamics are altered due to pathophysiological and pharmacological changes. The relation between the population d ...
Lecture 8 - EdUHK Moodle
... Communication Between Neurons LO 2.2 How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate ...
... Communication Between Neurons LO 2.2 How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate ...
Chapter 5 - Wake Forest University
... • No two brains of animals of a given species are completely identical, but there is enough similarity among individuals to predict the location of particular brain structures relative to external features of the head. • For instance, a subcortical nucleus of a rat might be so many millimeters ventr ...
... • No two brains of animals of a given species are completely identical, but there is enough similarity among individuals to predict the location of particular brain structures relative to external features of the head. • For instance, a subcortical nucleus of a rat might be so many millimeters ventr ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.