Thalamic Circuit Diversity: Modulation of the Driver/Modulator
... AND SPATIAL INTEGRATION Although many thalamic nuclei can be categorized as first or higher order, it is now apparent that this nomenclature must be modified in order to include the wide variety of ‘‘noncanonical’’ thalamic circuits that have been identified in more recent years. For example, thalam ...
... AND SPATIAL INTEGRATION Although many thalamic nuclei can be categorized as first or higher order, it is now apparent that this nomenclature must be modified in order to include the wide variety of ‘‘noncanonical’’ thalamic circuits that have been identified in more recent years. For example, thalam ...
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-like Molecules in the Retina
... 13. Rinse the sections in Ringer’s for 15 min. 14. Mount the sections in 90% glycerol/lO% Ringer’s. In a few instances immunoperoxidase experiments were performed on only one side of the tectum in order to compare the pattern of staining with the pattern of the retinotectal projection (the retinotec ...
... 13. Rinse the sections in Ringer’s for 15 min. 14. Mount the sections in 90% glycerol/lO% Ringer’s. In a few instances immunoperoxidase experiments were performed on only one side of the tectum in order to compare the pattern of staining with the pattern of the retinotectal projection (the retinotec ...
Working Memory in the Prefrontal Cortex
... for an entire experiment that lasted for several weeks or months [22,41]. The visual discrimination task is an example of a task that is considered to require reference memory. In this task, the subject’s behavioral response to a particular visual stimulus is always rewarded throughout the experimen ...
... for an entire experiment that lasted for several weeks or months [22,41]. The visual discrimination task is an example of a task that is considered to require reference memory. In this task, the subject’s behavioral response to a particular visual stimulus is always rewarded throughout the experimen ...
The Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Projection
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
The basal forebrain cholinergic projection system in mice. In
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
File
... nervous system, myelin, synapse, axon. 1. high alert 2. transmits impulses away from cell body 3. fatty insulating material 4. gap between neurons ...
... nervous system, myelin, synapse, axon. 1. high alert 2. transmits impulses away from cell body 3. fatty insulating material 4. gap between neurons ...
Possible Links among Mirror Neurons and Genes
... A relation between autism and certain factors has been argued. Due to the development of the brain imaging study, neuroscience has been paid much attention. Moreover, the recent autism study is mainly based on genetics. The relations between autism and mirror neurons have been pointed out, but recen ...
... A relation between autism and certain factors has been argued. Due to the development of the brain imaging study, neuroscience has been paid much attention. Moreover, the recent autism study is mainly based on genetics. The relations between autism and mirror neurons have been pointed out, but recen ...
521 THE CHOLINERGIC LIMBIC SYSTEM: PROJECTIONS TO
... replacing them with high frequency low amplitude activity, but also produces a synchronized hippocampal EEG, with slow high amplitude waves (e rhythm: Jung and Kommuller, 1938; Green and Arduini, 1954), on which fast activity may be superimposed. The significance, however, of these different pattern ...
... replacing them with high frequency low amplitude activity, but also produces a synchronized hippocampal EEG, with slow high amplitude waves (e rhythm: Jung and Kommuller, 1938; Green and Arduini, 1954), on which fast activity may be superimposed. The significance, however, of these different pattern ...
Lab 5: Nervous System I
... This is primarily a lecture topic; we will quickly go over this. • An impulse arrives at the dendrite • When the impulse is strong enough, it depolarizes the membrane and the impulse is transmitted along the axon • When the impulse reaches the axon terminals, the information needs to be converted to ...
... This is primarily a lecture topic; we will quickly go over this. • An impulse arrives at the dendrite • When the impulse is strong enough, it depolarizes the membrane and the impulse is transmitted along the axon • When the impulse reaches the axon terminals, the information needs to be converted to ...
Scaling self-organizing maps to model large cortical networks
... quantitatively-equivalent map-level and neuron-level organization; the larger map will just have more detail. Such a correspondence makes it possible to develop a small-scale simulation first using available hardware, then scale it up to study specific phenomena that require a larger map. The scalin ...
... quantitatively-equivalent map-level and neuron-level organization; the larger map will just have more detail. Such a correspondence makes it possible to develop a small-scale simulation first using available hardware, then scale it up to study specific phenomena that require a larger map. The scalin ...
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area
... this does not seem to be the case for the pre-SMA (Picard and Strick, 1996, 2001; Coull et al., 2004). Indeed, there are a number of instances in which activation was present in the pre-SMA durReceived Dec. 20, 2006; revised Aug. 9, 2007; accepted Aug. 13, 2007. This work was supported by Veterans A ...
... this does not seem to be the case for the pre-SMA (Picard and Strick, 1996, 2001; Coull et al., 2004). Indeed, there are a number of instances in which activation was present in the pre-SMA durReceived Dec. 20, 2006; revised Aug. 9, 2007; accepted Aug. 13, 2007. This work was supported by Veterans A ...
Nicotine excites hypothalamic arcuate anorexigenic
... 1 M ACh evoked a membrane depolarization of 3.2 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, left) and 100 M ACh evoked a depolarization of 8.8 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, right). We then studied the pharmacology of the nicotine receptors in POMC neurons. The experiments were conducted in the presence of TTX (0.5 M). ...
... 1 M ACh evoked a membrane depolarization of 3.2 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, left) and 100 M ACh evoked a depolarization of 8.8 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, right). We then studied the pharmacology of the nicotine receptors in POMC neurons. The experiments were conducted in the presence of TTX (0.5 M). ...
Lesson #7-8
... Mark Mumenthaler, M.D., Heinrich Mattle, M.D. Fundamentals of Neurology. – P.78, 80, 127-136. ...
... Mark Mumenthaler, M.D., Heinrich Mattle, M.D. Fundamentals of Neurology. – P.78, 80, 127-136. ...
Placing prediction into the fear circuit
... similar augmentation of fear conditioning has been observed in human subjects. Specifically, functional magnetic imaging resonance (fMRI) recordings in subjects who underwent fear conditioning revealed that opioid receptor antagonism during the experiment prevented the diminution of amygdala blood o ...
... similar augmentation of fear conditioning has been observed in human subjects. Specifically, functional magnetic imaging resonance (fMRI) recordings in subjects who underwent fear conditioning revealed that opioid receptor antagonism during the experiment prevented the diminution of amygdala blood o ...
Brain stem representation of thermal and psychogenic sweating in
... psychogenic sweating by Critchley and colleagues showed, for example, that the intensity of sweating responses to both mental arithmetic and physical work (handgrip) was associated most clearly with activation of a region in the dorsal midcingulate cortex (5, 7). Other measures of autonomic arousal ...
... psychogenic sweating by Critchley and colleagues showed, for example, that the intensity of sweating responses to both mental arithmetic and physical work (handgrip) was associated most clearly with activation of a region in the dorsal midcingulate cortex (5, 7). Other measures of autonomic arousal ...
Neural stem cell engineering: directed differentiation of adult and
... Scientifically, there are basic biological motivations for understanding the role that stem cells play in the development of the nervous system, and stem cell culture systems that are readily manipulable can serve as useful tools for understanding the regulation of these processes. Biomedically, ste ...
... Scientifically, there are basic biological motivations for understanding the role that stem cells play in the development of the nervous system, and stem cell culture systems that are readily manipulable can serve as useful tools for understanding the regulation of these processes. Biomedically, ste ...
I. MITRAL CELLS OF THE OLFACTORY BULB OF THE LIZARD S. Llahi,
... Podarcis have only one primary but severa1 secondary dendrites, the former giving rise to a unique tuft at the glomerular level, as it has been described for the mammalian MOB (Macrides and Schneider, 1982). Nevertheless, mitral cells of the AOB of Podarcis show severa1 primary and secondary dendrit ...
... Podarcis have only one primary but severa1 secondary dendrites, the former giving rise to a unique tuft at the glomerular level, as it has been described for the mammalian MOB (Macrides and Schneider, 1982). Nevertheless, mitral cells of the AOB of Podarcis show severa1 primary and secondary dendrit ...
Oriented Axon Projections in Primary Visual Cortex of the Monkey
... At each site, the orientation preference and the range of orientations that elicited responses were judged by sound and recorded separately for each eye. We also mapped by hand the minimum response fields (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). The borders and preferred orientation of the receptive field were det ...
... At each site, the orientation preference and the range of orientations that elicited responses were judged by sound and recorded separately for each eye. We also mapped by hand the minimum response fields (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). The borders and preferred orientation of the receptive field were det ...
Linking Objects to Actions: Encoding of Target Object and Grasping
... cells representing specific grip categories. However, in the natural world objects can be grasped in many different ways depending on the situation. It is not clear how PMv circuits could flexibly link either the same action to multiple objects or multiple actions to the same object. In this study, ...
... cells representing specific grip categories. However, in the natural world objects can be grasped in many different ways depending on the situation. It is not clear how PMv circuits could flexibly link either the same action to multiple objects or multiple actions to the same object. In this study, ...
Neural degeneration mutants in the zebrafish, Danio
... divided into four broad stages: first, induction of the neuroepithelium and formation of the neural plate, a structure characteristic of vertebrates, at the end of gastrulation; second, regionalization or patterning of the neural plate; third, determination and proliferation of neural precursors wit ...
... divided into four broad stages: first, induction of the neuroepithelium and formation of the neural plate, a structure characteristic of vertebrates, at the end of gastrulation; second, regionalization or patterning of the neural plate; third, determination and proliferation of neural precursors wit ...
J Comp Physiol (1982) 149: 179 193
... potential is followed by a series of humps and notches, superimposed upon a transient depolarization of < 10 mV. At 2 Hz flash frequency, the depolarizing transient is smaller, and the potential fluctuations are reduced (Fig. 4). Figure 5 shows averaged impulse responses of the same VS-cell as in Fi ...
... potential is followed by a series of humps and notches, superimposed upon a transient depolarization of < 10 mV. At 2 Hz flash frequency, the depolarizing transient is smaller, and the potential fluctuations are reduced (Fig. 4). Figure 5 shows averaged impulse responses of the same VS-cell as in Fi ...
Toward Nanometer-Scale Sensing System
... The development of highly sensitive, selective, reliable, and compact sensing systems to detect toxic chemical and biological agents is of great importance to national security. This paper examines the best such naturally occurring sensing system, the sense of smell or “olfaction,” as well as artifi ...
... The development of highly sensitive, selective, reliable, and compact sensing systems to detect toxic chemical and biological agents is of great importance to national security. This paper examines the best such naturally occurring sensing system, the sense of smell or “olfaction,” as well as artifi ...
MECHANISMS OF VERTEBRATE SYNAPTOGENESIS
... to undergo synaptogenesis, and the latter as “inducing molecules,” because they appear to trigger synaptogenesis (see Figure 2). As discussed below, these molecules can be divided into several classes on the basis of when in the cascade of synaptogenesis they appear to function, and they include dif ...
... to undergo synaptogenesis, and the latter as “inducing molecules,” because they appear to trigger synaptogenesis (see Figure 2). As discussed below, these molecules can be divided into several classes on the basis of when in the cascade of synaptogenesis they appear to function, and they include dif ...
The Nervous System
... b. inward movement of positive sodium ions leaves a slight excess of negative ions outside at a stimulated point; marks the beginning of a nerve impulse THE SYNAPSE A. definition: chemical compounds released from axon terminals (of the presynaptic neuron) into a synaptic cleft B. neurotransmitters b ...
... b. inward movement of positive sodium ions leaves a slight excess of negative ions outside at a stimulated point; marks the beginning of a nerve impulse THE SYNAPSE A. definition: chemical compounds released from axon terminals (of the presynaptic neuron) into a synaptic cleft B. neurotransmitters b ...
SOM
... • Neural networks for unsupervised learning attempt to discover special patterns from available data without using external help (i.e. RISK FUNCTION). – There is no information about the desired class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps (SOM) are neural network ...
... • Neural networks for unsupervised learning attempt to discover special patterns from available data without using external help (i.e. RISK FUNCTION). – There is no information about the desired class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps (SOM) are neural network ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.