Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): Neurotrophic Functions and
... outer hair cells, so dysregulation of HGF might be involved in nonsyndromic hearing loss [42]. 5. ROLE OF HGF IN ANXIETY-RELATED BEHAVIOR When HGF was infused at a constant rate into the cerebral lateral ventricles and its effect on anxiety in rats was monitored, the elevated plus-maze test and the ...
... outer hair cells, so dysregulation of HGF might be involved in nonsyndromic hearing loss [42]. 5. ROLE OF HGF IN ANXIETY-RELATED BEHAVIOR When HGF was infused at a constant rate into the cerebral lateral ventricles and its effect on anxiety in rats was monitored, the elevated plus-maze test and the ...
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage
... Otsuka, Takeshi, Takafumi Abe, Takahisa Tsukagawa, and WenJie Song. Conductance-based model of the voltage-dependent generation of a plateau potential in subthalamic neurons. J Neurophysiol 92: 255–264, 2004; 10.1152/jn.00508.2003. Because the subthalamic nucleus (STN) acts as a driving force of the ...
... Otsuka, Takeshi, Takafumi Abe, Takahisa Tsukagawa, and WenJie Song. Conductance-based model of the voltage-dependent generation of a plateau potential in subthalamic neurons. J Neurophysiol 92: 255–264, 2004; 10.1152/jn.00508.2003. Because the subthalamic nucleus (STN) acts as a driving force of the ...
Patterns of sensory intermodality relationships in the cerebral cortex
... to visual areas were found with parts of the postsubicular and parasubicular cortices (areas 48 and 49, respectively, Vogt and Miller, '83). However, we were unable to find further information about the connection of these sensory areas with other peripheral areas. In all these studies, the polysens ...
... to visual areas were found with parts of the postsubicular and parasubicular cortices (areas 48 and 49, respectively, Vogt and Miller, '83). However, we were unable to find further information about the connection of these sensory areas with other peripheral areas. In all these studies, the polysens ...
Effects of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron activity
... in capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurons, suggesting that this neuropeptide is involved in the transmission or modulation of nociceptive information at the spinal cord level [2,3]. Galanin inhibited the nociceptive flexor reflex [4], and the inhibitory effect of galanin on the flexor reflex wa ...
... in capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurons, suggesting that this neuropeptide is involved in the transmission or modulation of nociceptive information at the spinal cord level [2,3]. Galanin inhibited the nociceptive flexor reflex [4], and the inhibitory effect of galanin on the flexor reflex wa ...
MS word - University of Kentucky
... In addition to delivering different types of excitation signals (excitatory or inhibitory), The motor neurons can also be phasic or tonic. Phasic-type neurons rapidly adapt and phase-out their response when the source of the stimulus (i.e. the CNS) continues the stimulation in an unchanged manner. T ...
... In addition to delivering different types of excitation signals (excitatory or inhibitory), The motor neurons can also be phasic or tonic. Phasic-type neurons rapidly adapt and phase-out their response when the source of the stimulus (i.e. the CNS) continues the stimulation in an unchanged manner. T ...
Role of Cerebral Cortex in Voluntary Movements
... general spatial separation of cells controlling movements at different joints, but can individual muscles be selected through the output circuitry of motor cortex? Recent evidence demonstrates that although some individual cortical cells activate motoneurons of only a single muscle, the majority of ...
... general spatial separation of cells controlling movements at different joints, but can individual muscles be selected through the output circuitry of motor cortex? Recent evidence demonstrates that although some individual cortical cells activate motoneurons of only a single muscle, the majority of ...
pdf, 1 MiB - Infoscience
... and literature review. Overall, text-mining the literature could find three times as many targets as two man-weeks of curation could. The overall efficiency of the text-mining against literature review in our study was 98% recall (at 36% precision), meaning that over all the targets for the three se ...
... and literature review. Overall, text-mining the literature could find three times as many targets as two man-weeks of curation could. The overall efficiency of the text-mining against literature review in our study was 98% recall (at 36% precision), meaning that over all the targets for the three se ...
Organization of Inhibitory Frequency Receptive Fields in Cat Primary
... analyzing complex spectral patterns, whereas ventral A1 (A1v) appears better suited for analyzing narrowband sounds. However, these studies were based on single-tone stimuli and did not consider how neuronal responses to tones are modulated when the tones are part of a more complex acoustic environm ...
... analyzing complex spectral patterns, whereas ventral A1 (A1v) appears better suited for analyzing narrowband sounds. However, these studies were based on single-tone stimuli and did not consider how neuronal responses to tones are modulated when the tones are part of a more complex acoustic environm ...
Specialized prefrontal "auditory fields": organization of primate
... (Figure 2). While classical and modern anatomic studies have found strong auditory-related connections in the frontal pole (Pandya and Kuypers, 1969; Chavis and Pandya, 1976; Petrides and Pandya, 1988; Barbas et al., 1999, 2005; Hackett et al., 1999; Romanski et al., 1999a,b; Medalla et al., 2007), ...
... (Figure 2). While classical and modern anatomic studies have found strong auditory-related connections in the frontal pole (Pandya and Kuypers, 1969; Chavis and Pandya, 1976; Petrides and Pandya, 1988; Barbas et al., 1999, 2005; Hackett et al., 1999; Romanski et al., 1999a,b; Medalla et al., 2007), ...
Words in the Brain`s Language
... Tsumoto & Suda, 1979). Therefore, the original idea proposed by Hebb needs a slight but important modification: Connection strength is not only modified by coincident activity, it also changes if only one of two connected neurons is active while the other one is inactive. Table 2 describes this kind ...
... Tsumoto & Suda, 1979). Therefore, the original idea proposed by Hebb needs a slight but important modification: Connection strength is not only modified by coincident activity, it also changes if only one of two connected neurons is active while the other one is inactive. Table 2 describes this kind ...
The GABAergic system in schizophrenia
... GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampal formation, possible secondary to excitotoxic injury (Benes, 1999) or to loss of glutamatergic neurons has also been hypothesized (Deakin and Simpson, 1997). Similarly, Deutsch et al. (2001) postulates a failure of GABAergic inhibition of the AMPA\kainite cla ...
... GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampal formation, possible secondary to excitotoxic injury (Benes, 1999) or to loss of glutamatergic neurons has also been hypothesized (Deakin and Simpson, 1997). Similarly, Deutsch et al. (2001) postulates a failure of GABAergic inhibition of the AMPA\kainite cla ...
Software Documents
... recursion. In addition, a variety of gradients are applied along recursive chains, allowing successive boxes to change gradually in size, shape, color, joint angles, etc. If box A connects to box B, and box B connects to box A, that forms an indirect recursion, and another infinite loop (indirect re ...
... recursion. In addition, a variety of gradients are applied along recursive chains, allowing successive boxes to change gradually in size, shape, color, joint angles, etc. If box A connects to box B, and box B connects to box A, that forms an indirect recursion, and another infinite loop (indirect re ...
Dopamine: generalization and bonuses
... possibly stochastic, way of choosing actions. Consider a case in which the policy is indeed stochastic, but the other aspects of the problem, notably the delivery of reward, are deterministic. Then, applying the TD rule will result in learning the average values of the states in the maze, until kdðt ...
... possibly stochastic, way of choosing actions. Consider a case in which the policy is indeed stochastic, but the other aspects of the problem, notably the delivery of reward, are deterministic. Then, applying the TD rule will result in learning the average values of the states in the maze, until kdðt ...
A Model of a Segmental Oscillator in the Leech Heartbeat Neuronal
... of the burst phase, the membrane potential is relatively hyperpolarized, and the initial instantaneous spike frequency (defined as the inverse of the interval between the first two spikes) is low. As the slow-wave depolarizes, the spike frequency increases to a maximum at the most depolarized point ...
... of the burst phase, the membrane potential is relatively hyperpolarized, and the initial instantaneous spike frequency (defined as the inverse of the interval between the first two spikes) is low. As the slow-wave depolarizes, the spike frequency increases to a maximum at the most depolarized point ...
Tese final so frentes - Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa
... a selective degeneration of motor neurons from the cerebral cortex, brainstem and spinal cord that provokes muscle atrophy, progressive paralysis and death due to respiratory failure. The etiology of most ALS cases remains unknown but there is a current consensus that motor neuron degeneration is ca ...
... a selective degeneration of motor neurons from the cerebral cortex, brainstem and spinal cord that provokes muscle atrophy, progressive paralysis and death due to respiratory failure. The etiology of most ALS cases remains unknown but there is a current consensus that motor neuron degeneration is ca ...
The Neural Foundations of Reaction and Action in Aversive Motivation
... internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine and Dickinson 1998; Holland and Gallagher 2003; Niv et al. 2006). These responses are ...
... internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine and Dickinson 1998; Holland and Gallagher 2003; Niv et al. 2006). These responses are ...
Not all brains are created equal: The relevance of
... Given the large number of options available in the selection of tES parameters, the effects on the individual subject’s cortical excitability and tissue may be very specific and extremely variable across a whole sample. For instance, there are sharp contrasts in outcomes observed using different cur ...
... Given the large number of options available in the selection of tES parameters, the effects on the individual subject’s cortical excitability and tissue may be very specific and extremely variable across a whole sample. For instance, there are sharp contrasts in outcomes observed using different cur ...
Reference frames for representing the location of visual and tactile
... most auditory RFs in the SC are intermediate between eye- and headcentered: that is, when the eyes move, the auditory RFs shift only partially with the eye9,10. This type of visual-auditory RF is also reported in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP)15, and some PMv cells have partially shifting visu ...
... most auditory RFs in the SC are intermediate between eye- and headcentered: that is, when the eyes move, the auditory RFs shift only partially with the eye9,10. This type of visual-auditory RF is also reported in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP)15, and some PMv cells have partially shifting visu ...
Hasson-JNeurosci2008.. - Center for Neural Science
... precuneus ("12 s). We conclude that, similar to the known cortical hierarchy of spatial receptive fields, there is a hierarchy of progressively longer temporal receptive windows in the human brain. Key words: temporal coding; fMRI; cortex; receptive fields; functional organization; time ...
... precuneus ("12 s). We conclude that, similar to the known cortical hierarchy of spatial receptive fields, there is a hierarchy of progressively longer temporal receptive windows in the human brain. Key words: temporal coding; fMRI; cortex; receptive fields; functional organization; time ...
Reflex arcs PowerPoint
... Stimulation of the Reflex Response The speed of the reflex response can be increase by several factors: Exposure to adrenaline (Sympathetic Nervous System) Exposure to stimulant drugs (Caffeine, Beta Amphetamines/Speed) ...
... Stimulation of the Reflex Response The speed of the reflex response can be increase by several factors: Exposure to adrenaline (Sympathetic Nervous System) Exposure to stimulant drugs (Caffeine, Beta Amphetamines/Speed) ...
The affective and cognitive processing of touch, oral texture, and
... that by having a system specialized for the affective or reward aspects of stimuli it is possible to modify goal oriented behaviour, and to do this independently of being able to know what the stimulus is (its intensity, physical characteristics, etc.). Thus even if a stimulus has lost its pleasantn ...
... that by having a system specialized for the affective or reward aspects of stimuli it is possible to modify goal oriented behaviour, and to do this independently of being able to know what the stimulus is (its intensity, physical characteristics, etc.). Thus even if a stimulus has lost its pleasantn ...
Dynamic Stochastic Synapses as Computational Units
... an excitatory neuron to an inhibitory neuron, which sends feedback directly to the presynaptic terminals. They showed through computer simulations that tuning the relative contributions of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms can selectively increase the network output cross-correlation for certain ...
... an excitatory neuron to an inhibitory neuron, which sends feedback directly to the presynaptic terminals. They showed through computer simulations that tuning the relative contributions of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms can selectively increase the network output cross-correlation for certain ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... Other claustral neurons lack spines and so have largely smooth dendrites (figure 4b,c). There appear to be two types of aspiny neurons, one with ‘large’ and the other with ‘small’ cell bodies. The latter are fairly compact cells, whereas the dendrite and axons of the large type are more extensive. T ...
... Other claustral neurons lack spines and so have largely smooth dendrites (figure 4b,c). There appear to be two types of aspiny neurons, one with ‘large’ and the other with ‘small’ cell bodies. The latter are fairly compact cells, whereas the dendrite and axons of the large type are more extensive. T ...
Realizing Biological Spiking Network Models in a Configurable
... this hardware architecture: First, a continuous-time serial bus system using on-chip and post-processing lines for intrawafer communication (“Layer-1”). Second, a packet-based dynamic routing network implemented by separate custom hardware components which interface the network chips via contacts on ...
... this hardware architecture: First, a continuous-time serial bus system using on-chip and post-processing lines for intrawafer communication (“Layer-1”). Second, a packet-based dynamic routing network implemented by separate custom hardware components which interface the network chips via contacts on ...
Brief neonatal maternal separation alters extinction of conditioned
... (e.g., Meerlo et al., 1999; but see Kosten et al., 2005). However, to our knowledge, the effects of maternal separation on learning and unlearning of conditioned fear and the corticolimbic structures mediating these behaviors have not been assessed. The neural substrates for acquisition of condition ...
... (e.g., Meerlo et al., 1999; but see Kosten et al., 2005). However, to our knowledge, the effects of maternal separation on learning and unlearning of conditioned fear and the corticolimbic structures mediating these behaviors have not been assessed. The neural substrates for acquisition of condition ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.