Structural Changes in AMPA-Receptive Neurons in the Nucleus of
... Key Words: rats, spontaneously hypertensive 䡲 rats, inbred WKY 䡲 central nervous system 䡲 blood pressure 䡲 baroreflex 䡲 glutamate receptor ...
... Key Words: rats, spontaneously hypertensive 䡲 rats, inbred WKY 䡲 central nervous system 䡲 blood pressure 䡲 baroreflex 䡲 glutamate receptor ...
Brief neonatal maternal separation alters extinction of conditioned
... (e.g., Meerlo et al., 1999; but see Kosten et al., 2005). However, to our knowledge, the effects of maternal separation on learning and unlearning of conditioned fear and the corticolimbic structures mediating these behaviors have not been assessed. The neural substrates for acquisition of condition ...
... (e.g., Meerlo et al., 1999; but see Kosten et al., 2005). However, to our knowledge, the effects of maternal separation on learning and unlearning of conditioned fear and the corticolimbic structures mediating these behaviors have not been assessed. The neural substrates for acquisition of condition ...
the human entorhinal cortex
... The human entorhinal cortex is located in the ventromedial portion of the temporal lobe and consists of eight subfields. It has reciprocal connections with the hippocampus and various other cortical and subcortical structures, and thus forms an integral component of the medial temporal lobe memory s ...
... The human entorhinal cortex is located in the ventromedial portion of the temporal lobe and consists of eight subfields. It has reciprocal connections with the hippocampus and various other cortical and subcortical structures, and thus forms an integral component of the medial temporal lobe memory s ...
Central Neuropeptide Y Signaling Ameliorates N
... the blood vessels, lower catecholamines, diminished behavioral and pressor responsiveness to acute stress, and enhanced vascular response to exogenous norepinephrine, point to a potent sympathoinhibitory effect of transgenic NPY upregulation.21–24 NO is also a potent sympatholytic and depressor neur ...
... the blood vessels, lower catecholamines, diminished behavioral and pressor responsiveness to acute stress, and enhanced vascular response to exogenous norepinephrine, point to a potent sympathoinhibitory effect of transgenic NPY upregulation.21–24 NO is also a potent sympatholytic and depressor neur ...
melanogaster
... the ocelli. The ocelli are a set of three simple eyes positioned on the top (dorsal most part) of the head, and are believed to aid in gaze stabilization (Goodman, 1970; Schuppe and Hengstenberg, 1993). Ocellar interneurons, called L-neurons, sum information from photoreceptor outputs in each of the ...
... the ocelli. The ocelli are a set of three simple eyes positioned on the top (dorsal most part) of the head, and are believed to aid in gaze stabilization (Goodman, 1970; Schuppe and Hengstenberg, 1993). Ocellar interneurons, called L-neurons, sum information from photoreceptor outputs in each of the ...
Hes1 and Hes3 regulate maintenance of the isthmic organizer and
... expression is restricted to the midbrain±hindbrain boundary region. The isthmic organizer is indicated by arrowheads. (B) In situ hybridization of Hes1. At E9.5, Hes1 is also expressed in the midbrain±hindbrain boundary region (arrowhead). (C±G) In situ hybridization (C±E) and immunohistochemistry ( ...
... expression is restricted to the midbrain±hindbrain boundary region. The isthmic organizer is indicated by arrowheads. (B) In situ hybridization of Hes1. At E9.5, Hes1 is also expressed in the midbrain±hindbrain boundary region (arrowhead). (C±G) In situ hybridization (C±E) and immunohistochemistry ( ...
Motor planning under unpredictable reward: modulations of
... schedule. Correct performance was rewarded in 75% of the trials. Monkeys were certain that they would be rewarded only in the trials immediately following withheld rewards. In these trials, the animals responded sooner and moved faster. Single-unit recordings from the dorsal striatum revealed modula ...
... schedule. Correct performance was rewarded in 75% of the trials. Monkeys were certain that they would be rewarded only in the trials immediately following withheld rewards. In these trials, the animals responded sooner and moved faster. Single-unit recordings from the dorsal striatum revealed modula ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... instance, your perceptions of what is appearing on the canvas must be closely coordinated with the brush strokes that your hand makes to achieve the desired effect. The same high degree of control is necessary for many other complex behaviors. Consider playing basketball. At every moment, decisions ...
... instance, your perceptions of what is appearing on the canvas must be closely coordinated with the brush strokes that your hand makes to achieve the desired effect. The same high degree of control is necessary for many other complex behaviors. Consider playing basketball. At every moment, decisions ...
The Basal Ganglia - The Brain from Top to Bottom
... Efferents to the Globus Pallidus Although the two segments have similar inputs, their efferents are distinct and separate. The external segment projects through the subthalamic fasciculus to the subthalamic nucleus. The internal segment projects mainly to the thalamus through 2 collections of fibres ...
... Efferents to the Globus Pallidus Although the two segments have similar inputs, their efferents are distinct and separate. The external segment projects through the subthalamic fasciculus to the subthalamic nucleus. The internal segment projects mainly to the thalamus through 2 collections of fibres ...
A Circuit for Detection of Interaural Time Differences in the Brain
... as described above. Each penetration was marked on a drawing of the floor of the fourth ventricle, using the distinctive patterns of blood vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellul ...
... as described above. Each penetration was marked on a drawing of the floor of the fourth ventricle, using the distinctive patterns of blood vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellul ...
GLIA: LISTENING AND TALKING TO THE SYNAPSE
... would not be sufficient by itself to account for the spread of the Ca2+ wave. Therefore, some form of regeneration of the source of Ins(1,4,5)P3 would be required to explain it35,37. Although the partially regenerative nature of the signal could involve the Ca2+-dependent activation of PLC, an alter ...
... would not be sufficient by itself to account for the spread of the Ca2+ wave. Therefore, some form of regeneration of the source of Ins(1,4,5)P3 would be required to explain it35,37. Although the partially regenerative nature of the signal could involve the Ca2+-dependent activation of PLC, an alter ...
Generation of Theta and Gamma Rhythms in the Hippocampus
... inhibition. The model also predicts a behaviorally dependent inhibition, which was confirmed experimentally using paired-pulse responses. Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) of the population spikes in CA1 was larger during walking than immobility, mostly mediated by a cholinergic input. Spike responses ...
... inhibition. The model also predicts a behaviorally dependent inhibition, which was confirmed experimentally using paired-pulse responses. Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) of the population spikes in CA1 was larger during walking than immobility, mostly mediated by a cholinergic input. Spike responses ...
View PDF - Laboratory of Brain, Hearing and Behavior
... monkeys performing a cued spatial attention task (Figure 2b) [17!!]. Focal SC inactivation caused the monkey to report the direction of the task-relevant distracter, rather than the direction of the cued stimulus, when the cued stimulus was located in the inactivated portion of the SC space map. The ...
... monkeys performing a cued spatial attention task (Figure 2b) [17!!]. Focal SC inactivation caused the monkey to report the direction of the task-relevant distracter, rather than the direction of the cued stimulus, when the cued stimulus was located in the inactivated portion of the SC space map. The ...
Molecular Analysis of Developmental Plasticity in Neocortex
... al., 1991; Wigstrom and Gustafsson, 1985). Since its discovery in the hippocampus, LTP, the sustained increase in synaptic transmission resulting from highfrequency stimulation of excitatory pathways, has been the primary experimental model for studies of the synaptic basis of learning and memory in ...
... al., 1991; Wigstrom and Gustafsson, 1985). Since its discovery in the hippocampus, LTP, the sustained increase in synaptic transmission resulting from highfrequency stimulation of excitatory pathways, has been the primary experimental model for studies of the synaptic basis of learning and memory in ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... Subsequently, the brain was exposed through small burr holes in the skull. ...
... Subsequently, the brain was exposed through small burr holes in the skull. ...
Sobodh Nag Ph.D.
... Nag S, Mokha SS. Activation of alpha2-adrenoceptors in the trigeminal region PubMed produces sex-specific modulation of nociception in the rat. Neuroscience. 2006 Nov ...
... Nag S, Mokha SS. Activation of alpha2-adrenoceptors in the trigeminal region PubMed produces sex-specific modulation of nociception in the rat. Neuroscience. 2006 Nov ...
kbook or W NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
... Can we use what we know to control someone else’s brain? How likely is it that once we know exactly how the brain functions that we will be able to control another person’s brain? It sounds like science fiction, but we can actually do it right now, even with the limited knowledge we have. Transcrani ...
... Can we use what we know to control someone else’s brain? How likely is it that once we know exactly how the brain functions that we will be able to control another person’s brain? It sounds like science fiction, but we can actually do it right now, even with the limited knowledge we have. Transcrani ...
Motor Cortex Neural Correlates of Output Kinematics and Kinetics
... that M1 functions at a higher level in the putative motor control hierarchy further removed from the motor periphery and generates a descending motor command that defines the spatiotemporal form of the action to perform (its kinematics) rather than how it should be performed (its kinetics). A relate ...
... that M1 functions at a higher level in the putative motor control hierarchy further removed from the motor periphery and generates a descending motor command that defines the spatiotemporal form of the action to perform (its kinematics) rather than how it should be performed (its kinetics). A relate ...
working draft - DAVID KAPLAN | Macquarie University
... The major difficulty with this and many other traditional positions staked out on both sides of the debate over explanatory autonomy is that they all commonly assume the appropriateness of what is now widely recognized as an outdated and inapplicable law-based model of theory reduction and explanati ...
... The major difficulty with this and many other traditional positions staked out on both sides of the debate over explanatory autonomy is that they all commonly assume the appropriateness of what is now widely recognized as an outdated and inapplicable law-based model of theory reduction and explanati ...
PDF
... analyzed. More recently, the fruits of these extensive lines of research have made contact with investigations into the neural basis of decision making. Converging evidence now links reinforcement learning to specific neural substrates, assigning them precise computational roles. Specifically, elect ...
... analyzed. More recently, the fruits of these extensive lines of research have made contact with investigations into the neural basis of decision making. Converging evidence now links reinforcement learning to specific neural substrates, assigning them precise computational roles. Specifically, elect ...
Peptides that regulate food intake: orexin gene expression is increased during states of hypertriglyceridemia
... and injection of orexin A causes a small enhancement of food intake in rats (32, 48, 52). Conversely, administration of an orexin receptor 1 antagonist (30, 31) or anti-orexin antibody (61) inhibits feeding behavior. That these pharmacological results reflect a physiological function is supported by ...
... and injection of orexin A causes a small enhancement of food intake in rats (32, 48, 52). Conversely, administration of an orexin receptor 1 antagonist (30, 31) or anti-orexin antibody (61) inhibits feeding behavior. That these pharmacological results reflect a physiological function is supported by ...
PDF - Department of Neurobiology and Behavior
... ⫾200 ms around syllable onset (or offset). The timing of the rate change relative to the syllable onset (or offset) was computed as the time of maximal rate change above (for rate increases) or below (for rate decreases) the baseline rate. To construct population rate histograms (as in Fig. 2D), his ...
... ⫾200 ms around syllable onset (or offset). The timing of the rate change relative to the syllable onset (or offset) was computed as the time of maximal rate change above (for rate increases) or below (for rate decreases) the baseline rate. To construct population rate histograms (as in Fig. 2D), his ...
download file
... increase the representation of that tone in the primary auditory cortex. We paired acoustic input with injections of M1 agonist Cevemiline and observed an increase in the length of the cortex corresponding to the acoustic input. The experiments in this dissertation attempt to understand experience d ...
... increase the representation of that tone in the primary auditory cortex. We paired acoustic input with injections of M1 agonist Cevemiline and observed an increase in the length of the cortex corresponding to the acoustic input. The experiments in this dissertation attempt to understand experience d ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
Continuous transformation learning of translation
... is not to investigate how many objects can be discriminated, for we agree with Pinto et al. (2008) that a more fundamental issue in understanding visual object recognition is to understand how invariant representations can be formed using well-controlled stimuli, rather than large numbers of stimuli ...
... is not to investigate how many objects can be discriminated, for we agree with Pinto et al. (2008) that a more fundamental issue in understanding visual object recognition is to understand how invariant representations can be formed using well-controlled stimuli, rather than large numbers of stimuli ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.