Neurosurgery: Functional Regeneration after Laser Axotomy
... disease1, but investigation has so far been limited to complex organisms (mouse and zebrafish2) in the absence of precision techniques for severing axons (axotomy). Here we use femtosecond laser surgery for axotomy in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans and show that these axons functionally regene ...
... disease1, but investigation has so far been limited to complex organisms (mouse and zebrafish2) in the absence of precision techniques for severing axons (axotomy). Here we use femtosecond laser surgery for axotomy in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans and show that these axons functionally regene ...
General somatic motor nuclei
... Diffused mass of neurons and nerve fibers forming an ill-defined meshwork of reticulum in the central portion of the brainstem. ...
... Diffused mass of neurons and nerve fibers forming an ill-defined meshwork of reticulum in the central portion of the brainstem. ...
Insights into Rapid Modulation of Neuroplasticity by Brain Estrogens
... circuits and thus contributes to cognitive function. The effects of estrogens on cognitive function are of significant interest because of evidence that estrogens may delay the onset or ameliorate the severity of a number of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as schizophrenia, anxiety ...
... circuits and thus contributes to cognitive function. The effects of estrogens on cognitive function are of significant interest because of evidence that estrogens may delay the onset or ameliorate the severity of a number of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as schizophrenia, anxiety ...
Caudo‐rostral brain spreading of α‐synuclein through vagal
... progression, a‐syn pathology spreads upwardly toward the pons, mesencephalon and higher brain regions, following a stereotypical pattern that may reflect neuron‐to‐neuron transmission (Desplats et al, 2009; Hansen et al, 2011; Freundt et al, 2012) and propagation via interconnected brain pathways (Br ...
... progression, a‐syn pathology spreads upwardly toward the pons, mesencephalon and higher brain regions, following a stereotypical pattern that may reflect neuron‐to‐neuron transmission (Desplats et al, 2009; Hansen et al, 2011; Freundt et al, 2012) and propagation via interconnected brain pathways (Br ...
No Binocular Rivalry in the LGN of Alert Macaque Monkeys
... to give a population power spectrum for each stimulus condition. Since responses for the different stimulus conditions were not normalized separately, relative peak height across different conditions can be compared. Although each single-unit power spectrum had a maximum peak of 1.0, the population ...
... to give a population power spectrum for each stimulus condition. Since responses for the different stimulus conditions were not normalized separately, relative peak height across different conditions can be compared. Although each single-unit power spectrum had a maximum peak of 1.0, the population ...
5. Third year activities - LIRA-Lab
... development of visuo-motor coordination in infants were also performed (e.g. grasping a rotating object in 6 and 10 month old infants). During the second year of the project we focused on investigating how visual and motor information can be used to learn to discriminate grasping actions, we showed ...
... development of visuo-motor coordination in infants were also performed (e.g. grasping a rotating object in 6 and 10 month old infants). During the second year of the project we focused on investigating how visual and motor information can be used to learn to discriminate grasping actions, we showed ...
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase
... packed NOS-IR puncta. A quite different pattern of fiberlike NOS immunoreactivity was found in the deep dorsal horn layers (laminae III-VI) along the rostrocaudal axis. This consisted of thick, often tortuous and spinous dorsoventrally oriented fibers sometimes traceable to the pericentral region. T ...
... packed NOS-IR puncta. A quite different pattern of fiberlike NOS immunoreactivity was found in the deep dorsal horn layers (laminae III-VI) along the rostrocaudal axis. This consisted of thick, often tortuous and spinous dorsoventrally oriented fibers sometimes traceable to the pericentral region. T ...
Regional and laminar distribution of the vesicular glutamate
... (Barroso-Chinea et al., 2007). In the MGC, VGluT1 mRNA expression was confined to the MGv, whereas neurons expressing VGluT2 were widely distributed in all divisions. In consideration of all of these findings, then, it appears that VGluT2-ir is a general marker of the glutamatergic thalamocortical pro ...
... (Barroso-Chinea et al., 2007). In the MGC, VGluT1 mRNA expression was confined to the MGv, whereas neurons expressing VGluT2 were widely distributed in all divisions. In consideration of all of these findings, then, it appears that VGluT2-ir is a general marker of the glutamatergic thalamocortical pro ...
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
... and methylene blue stains suggest that differences exist between the arborization patterns of pre- and post-units. The neurons whose processes form glomeruli range widely in function and anatomy. They may be motor, but more commonly are sensory or internuncial elements. Among the latter, the dendrit ...
... and methylene blue stains suggest that differences exist between the arborization patterns of pre- and post-units. The neurons whose processes form glomeruli range widely in function and anatomy. They may be motor, but more commonly are sensory or internuncial elements. Among the latter, the dendrit ...
The non-motor complications in Parkinson`s disease
... after long and chronic exposures (between 6 months and 16 years). Moreover, environmental toxins can induce the release of pro-inflammatory signals [41]. Hence, it is quite obvious that toxic models of PD remains the most popular. In animal models, the most widely used chemicals are MPTP (1-methyl-4 ...
... after long and chronic exposures (between 6 months and 16 years). Moreover, environmental toxins can induce the release of pro-inflammatory signals [41]. Hence, it is quite obvious that toxic models of PD remains the most popular. In animal models, the most widely used chemicals are MPTP (1-methyl-4 ...
敌獳湯⌠ⴷ8
... Mark Mumenthaler, M.D., Heinrich Mattle, M.D. Fundamentals of Neurology. – P.78, 80, 127-136. ...
... Mark Mumenthaler, M.D., Heinrich Mattle, M.D. Fundamentals of Neurology. – P.78, 80, 127-136. ...
Contacts among non-sister dendritic branches at
... dendrite morphology (McAllister, 2000). For example, pharmacological blockade of synaptic activity in vitro and in vivo ...
... dendrite morphology (McAllister, 2000). For example, pharmacological blockade of synaptic activity in vitro and in vivo ...
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... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
Learning place cells, grid cells and invariances: A unifying model
... Neurons in the hippocampus and the adjacent regions exhibit a broad variety of spatial activation patterns that are tuned to position, head direction or both. Common observations in these spatial dimensions are localized, bell shaped tuning curves [1, 2], periodically repeating activity [3, 4] and ...
... Neurons in the hippocampus and the adjacent regions exhibit a broad variety of spatial activation patterns that are tuned to position, head direction or both. Common observations in these spatial dimensions are localized, bell shaped tuning curves [1, 2], periodically repeating activity [3, 4] and ...
Examination of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
... present in the anterior pituitary, intestine, placenta and thyroid gland [16, 20]. In rats, D1 is also present in the cerebral cortex with relatively low activity, but in humans, D1 is absent from the CNS [21, 22]. The main source of extra-thyroidal T3 is type 2 deiodinase (D2) that converts T4 to T ...
... present in the anterior pituitary, intestine, placenta and thyroid gland [16, 20]. In rats, D1 is also present in the cerebral cortex with relatively low activity, but in humans, D1 is absent from the CNS [21, 22]. The main source of extra-thyroidal T3 is type 2 deiodinase (D2) that converts T4 to T ...
Schwartz
... and spatial frequency maps were severely disturbed in the region of the focus but were unaltered in the surrounding cortex. Thus, optical imaging of intrinsic signals can be used to simultaneously map epilepsy and normal functional anatomy with high spatial resolution. ...
... and spatial frequency maps were severely disturbed in the region of the focus but were unaltered in the surrounding cortex. Thus, optical imaging of intrinsic signals can be used to simultaneously map epilepsy and normal functional anatomy with high spatial resolution. ...
Neural network activation during a stopsignal task discriminates
... Cocaine dependence is defined by a loss of inhibitory control over drug-use behaviors, mirrored by measurable impairments in laboratory tasks of inhibitory control. The current study tested the hypothesis that deficits in multiple subprocesses of behavioral control are associated with reliable neura ...
... Cocaine dependence is defined by a loss of inhibitory control over drug-use behaviors, mirrored by measurable impairments in laboratory tasks of inhibitory control. The current study tested the hypothesis that deficits in multiple subprocesses of behavioral control are associated with reliable neura ...
Selective Loss of Calcitonin Gene–Related Peptide
... in the x and y directions for immunoreactive substance P A- and B-cells, whereas the step length for immunoreactive CGRP A- and B-cell counting was 120 –140 m in p75⫹/⫹ mice and 90 –100 m in p75⫺/⫺ mice. According to the penetration of antibodies and Z calibration of the stained neurons (20) (in t ...
... in the x and y directions for immunoreactive substance P A- and B-cells, whereas the step length for immunoreactive CGRP A- and B-cell counting was 120 –140 m in p75⫹/⫹ mice and 90 –100 m in p75⫺/⫺ mice. According to the penetration of antibodies and Z calibration of the stained neurons (20) (in t ...
here - Aerotoxic Association
... Protein kinases as targets for OPIDN. Because research on esterases did not increase our understanding of the mechanisms of OPIDN, we have been studying the involvement of protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins in the development of OPIDN. These studies were prompted by the ...
... Protein kinases as targets for OPIDN. Because research on esterases did not increase our understanding of the mechanisms of OPIDN, we have been studying the involvement of protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins in the development of OPIDN. These studies were prompted by the ...
Separating value from choice: delay discounting activity in the lateral
... Each trial began with the monkey fixating a central fixation target. Two peripheral targets were then presented, a red target associated with a small immediate reward and a green target associated with a larger delayed reward. After 800 ms, the fixation target was dimmed for 200 ms, followed by the ...
... Each trial began with the monkey fixating a central fixation target. Two peripheral targets were then presented, a red target associated with a small immediate reward and a green target associated with a larger delayed reward. After 800 ms, the fixation target was dimmed for 200 ms, followed by the ...
HYPOTHALAMUS
... The mammillary part of the hypothalamus consists of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus and the prominent mammillary nuclei. The posterior nucleus is a large, ill-defined group of cells that may play a role in thermoregulation (see below). The mammillary nuclei are considered to be part of the hypoth ...
... The mammillary part of the hypothalamus consists of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus and the prominent mammillary nuclei. The posterior nucleus is a large, ill-defined group of cells that may play a role in thermoregulation (see below). The mammillary nuclei are considered to be part of the hypoth ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
PDF
... A critical problem in daily decision making is how to choose actions now in order to bring about rewards later. Indeed, many of our actions have long-term consequences, and it is important to not be myopic in balancing the pros and cons of different options, but rather to take into account both imme ...
... A critical problem in daily decision making is how to choose actions now in order to bring about rewards later. Indeed, many of our actions have long-term consequences, and it is important to not be myopic in balancing the pros and cons of different options, but rather to take into account both imme ...
The basal forebrain cholinergic projection system in mice. In
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.