Stress - Neuroanatomy
... you were with and where you were going. It also reminds you that it was awful. But these are all just facts about the situation. They are memories of the emotional experience rather than emotional memories. In general, one difference between emotional and cognitive processing is that emotional proce ...
... you were with and where you were going. It also reminds you that it was awful. But these are all just facts about the situation. They are memories of the emotional experience rather than emotional memories. In general, one difference between emotional and cognitive processing is that emotional proce ...
Lecture 14 Olfaction
... cannot smell it and might put on a lot. • Receptor adaptation: The biochemical phenomenon that occurs after continuous exposure to an odorant, whereby the receptors stop responding to the odorant and ...
... cannot smell it and might put on a lot. • Receptor adaptation: The biochemical phenomenon that occurs after continuous exposure to an odorant, whereby the receptors stop responding to the odorant and ...
Paraneoplastic Antigen-Like 5 Gene (PNMA5) Is
... neurons from the primary to higher visual areas. This differential expression pattern was very similar to that of retinol-binding protein (RBP) mRNA, another association-area-enriched gene that we reported previously. Additional expression analysis for comparison of other genes in the PNMA gene fami ...
... neurons from the primary to higher visual areas. This differential expression pattern was very similar to that of retinol-binding protein (RBP) mRNA, another association-area-enriched gene that we reported previously. Additional expression analysis for comparison of other genes in the PNMA gene fami ...
Serotonin modulates responses to species
... recordings were made. The loudspeaker was either a 1/ 4 inch Brüel & Kjaer (B&K) microphone biased with 200 V DC and driven as a loudspeaker, or a custom made loudspeaker (Schuller 1997). The B&K loudspeaker was flat within ±5 dB from 18 kHz to at least 60 kHz and the custom made loudspeaker was flat ...
... recordings were made. The loudspeaker was either a 1/ 4 inch Brüel & Kjaer (B&K) microphone biased with 200 V DC and driven as a loudspeaker, or a custom made loudspeaker (Schuller 1997). The B&K loudspeaker was flat within ±5 dB from 18 kHz to at least 60 kHz and the custom made loudspeaker was flat ...
17. Pathways and Integrative Functions
... 1. Identify and describe the characteristics of sensory and motor pathways in the spinal cord. The CNS communicates with peripheral body structures through pathways. These pathways conduct either sensory or motor information; processing and integration occur continuously along them. These pathways t ...
... 1. Identify and describe the characteristics of sensory and motor pathways in the spinal cord. The CNS communicates with peripheral body structures through pathways. These pathways conduct either sensory or motor information; processing and integration occur continuously along them. These pathways t ...
Patterning of brain precursors in ascidian embryos
... also commences in column 1. We first investigated the role of Nodal during medial-lateral patterning of the a-lineage-derived neural plate. From the 32-cell stage, Nodal is expressed in cells that contact the lateral-most alineage neural precursors (Fig. 1B). To inhibit Nodal activity, we treated em ...
... also commences in column 1. We first investigated the role of Nodal during medial-lateral patterning of the a-lineage-derived neural plate. From the 32-cell stage, Nodal is expressed in cells that contact the lateral-most alineage neural precursors (Fig. 1B). To inhibit Nodal activity, we treated em ...
Components of Decision-Making
... (How we know: Cyprodime [and somewhat Naltrexone] had effects similar to BPN…Also, KOR manipulation had no effect on behavior) ...
... (How we know: Cyprodime [and somewhat Naltrexone] had effects similar to BPN…Also, KOR manipulation had no effect on behavior) ...
PDF
... For group-level analyses, the one-sample t test was used to determine group-level activation for each drug effect. Then, a paired t test was used to assess the difference between the placebo and aprepitant administrations. The contrast images obtained from subject-level statistical analyses were enter ...
... For group-level analyses, the one-sample t test was used to determine group-level activation for each drug effect. Then, a paired t test was used to assess the difference between the placebo and aprepitant administrations. The contrast images obtained from subject-level statistical analyses were enter ...
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish
... 1-Hz stimulation (closed triangles), (c) no stimulation (not shown), (d) 2-Hz stimulation (open triangles), and (e) no stimulation (“post,” closed circles). No difference in contraction frequency between control and stimulated embryos was found until 21 hpf, at which time the stimulations elicited s ...
... 1-Hz stimulation (closed triangles), (c) no stimulation (not shown), (d) 2-Hz stimulation (open triangles), and (e) no stimulation (“post,” closed circles). No difference in contraction frequency between control and stimulated embryos was found until 21 hpf, at which time the stimulations elicited s ...
Mechanisms of Contour Perception in Monkey Visual Cortex. I. Lines
... while higher resolution or greater size was chosen for some neurons. In any case, we could stimulate a stereoscopic field of 2 1” diameter at the monkeys eyes, while the spot size of the oscilloscope allowed us to produce lines less than 1 min arc wide. Stimuli and fixation target appeared superimpo ...
... while higher resolution or greater size was chosen for some neurons. In any case, we could stimulate a stereoscopic field of 2 1” diameter at the monkeys eyes, while the spot size of the oscilloscope allowed us to produce lines less than 1 min arc wide. Stimuli and fixation target appeared superimpo ...
High acetylcholine sets circuit dynamics for attention and
... Schnell, 1994; Patil and Hasselmo, 1999; Linster and Hasselmo, 2001), we model acetylcholine effects as being diffuse and relatively homogeneous within cortical circuits. That is, we assume that volume transmission provides a general activation of cholinergic receptors at a number of receptor sites, ...
... Schnell, 1994; Patil and Hasselmo, 1999; Linster and Hasselmo, 2001), we model acetylcholine effects as being diffuse and relatively homogeneous within cortical circuits. That is, we assume that volume transmission provides a general activation of cholinergic receptors at a number of receptor sites, ...
The basal ganglia and cortex implement optimal decision making
... to encode the stimulus-response mapping. However, even in simple, highly constrained laboratory tasks, there will be more than one possible response and so there is a problem of action selection in which the representation for the correct response has to take control of the animal’s motor plant. In ...
... to encode the stimulus-response mapping. However, even in simple, highly constrained laboratory tasks, there will be more than one possible response and so there is a problem of action selection in which the representation for the correct response has to take control of the animal’s motor plant. In ...
View/Open
... the paired layers, and similar parallel transmission is preserved all the way to the visual cortex. The second major function of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus is to “gate” the transmission of signals to the visual cortex—that is, to control how much of the signal is allowed to pass to the co ...
... the paired layers, and similar parallel transmission is preserved all the way to the visual cortex. The second major function of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus is to “gate” the transmission of signals to the visual cortex—that is, to control how much of the signal is allowed to pass to the co ...
Rearrangement of microtubule polarity orientation during conversion
... form, with about half of the microtubules having their plus ends distal and half their minus ends distal. Various signaling molecules are implicated in the early events of neuronal polarization that determines the neurite fate, axons vs. dendrites [Arimura and Kaibuchi, 2005], but little is known of ...
... form, with about half of the microtubules having their plus ends distal and half their minus ends distal. Various signaling molecules are implicated in the early events of neuronal polarization that determines the neurite fate, axons vs. dendrites [Arimura and Kaibuchi, 2005], but little is known of ...
Assembly and Function of Spinal Circuits for Motor Control
... family of transcription factors to regulate the expression profile of two classes of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors (Class I/Class II) in the ventral spinal cord (Shirasaki & Pfaff 2002). Shh induces expression of the more ventrally expressed Class II protein genes, whereas genes encoding Cl ...
... family of transcription factors to regulate the expression profile of two classes of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors (Class I/Class II) in the ventral spinal cord (Shirasaki & Pfaff 2002). Shh induces expression of the more ventrally expressed Class II protein genes, whereas genes encoding Cl ...
Anterograde Tracing of Trigeminal Afferent Pathways
... Tooth pulp inoculations. Each mouse was deeply anesthetized and the free gingiva was removed from the left mandibular incisor. The erupted part of the incisor was then removed just coronal to the gingival attachment using a cutting burr on a high-speed dental handpiece. Any gingival bleeding encount ...
... Tooth pulp inoculations. Each mouse was deeply anesthetized and the free gingiva was removed from the left mandibular incisor. The erupted part of the incisor was then removed just coronal to the gingival attachment using a cutting burr on a high-speed dental handpiece. Any gingival bleeding encount ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig. 9.4 A recurrent associative attractor network model, similar to the model shown in Fig. 9.2, where the nodes have been arbitrarily placed in the physical space on a circle. The relative connection strength between the nodes is indicated by the thickness of the lies between the nodes. Each node ...
... Fig. 9.4 A recurrent associative attractor network model, similar to the model shown in Fig. 9.2, where the nodes have been arbitrarily placed in the physical space on a circle. The relative connection strength between the nodes is indicated by the thickness of the lies between the nodes. Each node ...
Down
... Fig. 9.4 A recurrent associative attractor network model, similar to the model shown in Fig. 9.2, where the nodes have been arbitrarily placed in the physical space on a circle. The relative connection strength between the nodes is indicated by the thickness of the lies between the nodes. Each node ...
... Fig. 9.4 A recurrent associative attractor network model, similar to the model shown in Fig. 9.2, where the nodes have been arbitrarily placed in the physical space on a circle. The relative connection strength between the nodes is indicated by the thickness of the lies between the nodes. Each node ...
안구의 내하방 편위 - Research in Vestibular Science
... Tonic inward and downward deviation of the eyes (‘peering at the tip of the nose') is considered a unique feature of thalamic hemorrhage, although little is known about the underlying mechanism.1 We observed this ocular finding in diffuse ischemic infarcts in the territory of the posterior circulati ...
... Tonic inward and downward deviation of the eyes (‘peering at the tip of the nose') is considered a unique feature of thalamic hemorrhage, although little is known about the underlying mechanism.1 We observed this ocular finding in diffuse ischemic infarcts in the territory of the posterior circulati ...
Thalamocortical neuron loss and localized astrocytosis in the Cln3
... cell populations, events which occur many months before widespread neuronal loss is evident (Pontikis et al., 2004). Cln3 / mice and individuals with JNCL also raise autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) that inhibit the activity of this enzyme, resulting in elevated levels of glutam ...
... cell populations, events which occur many months before widespread neuronal loss is evident (Pontikis et al., 2004). Cln3 / mice and individuals with JNCL also raise autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) that inhibit the activity of this enzyme, resulting in elevated levels of glutam ...
Contact guidance of CNS neurites on grooved quartz: influence of
... Contact guidance, the phenomenon by which the physical shape of the substratum induces alignment or directional growth of cells is involved in normal embryonic pattern formation (e.g. Newgreen, 1989). Nervous system development is influenced strongly by geometric patterns present within embryos duri ...
... Contact guidance, the phenomenon by which the physical shape of the substratum induces alignment or directional growth of cells is involved in normal embryonic pattern formation (e.g. Newgreen, 1989). Nervous system development is influenced strongly by geometric patterns present within embryos duri ...
Neuronal control of leech behavior - Emory Biology
... readily accessible even while the animal is behaving in a variety of semi-intact preparations (Fig. 1B), making it possible to relate motor patterns directly to behaviors. 2. Quite accurate representations of all the behaviors, or at least their rudiments, can be elicited in isolated nerve cords (Fi ...
... readily accessible even while the animal is behaving in a variety of semi-intact preparations (Fig. 1B), making it possible to relate motor patterns directly to behaviors. 2. Quite accurate representations of all the behaviors, or at least their rudiments, can be elicited in isolated nerve cords (Fi ...
A neural implementation of Bayesian inference based on predictive
... To perform simulations with a hierarchical model, equations 1, 2 and 3 were evaluated for each processing stage in turn (starting from the lowest stage in the hierarchy), and this process was repeated to iteratively update the neural activations in each processing stage at each time-step. If the inp ...
... To perform simulations with a hierarchical model, equations 1, 2 and 3 were evaluated for each processing stage in turn (starting from the lowest stage in the hierarchy), and this process was repeated to iteratively update the neural activations in each processing stage at each time-step. If the inp ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... the lower motor neurons in the medial ventral horn, have axons that project to many spinal cord segments; indeed, some project to targets along the entire length of the cord. Moreover, many of these local circuit neurons also have axonal branches that cross the midline in the commissure of the spina ...
... the lower motor neurons in the medial ventral horn, have axons that project to many spinal cord segments; indeed, some project to targets along the entire length of the cord. Moreover, many of these local circuit neurons also have axonal branches that cross the midline in the commissure of the spina ...
In vitro studies of limb regeneration in adult Diemictylus
... disto-lateral tip of the bone. This effect was observed only in cultured blastemata innervated solely by eccentrically positioned donor ganglia (in absence of normal innervation). When the ganglion resided either immediately distal to the humerus or embedded even more distally among the blastema cel ...
... disto-lateral tip of the bone. This effect was observed only in cultured blastemata innervated solely by eccentrically positioned donor ganglia (in absence of normal innervation). When the ganglion resided either immediately distal to the humerus or embedded even more distally among the blastema cel ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.