the diverse roles of l-glutamic acid in brain signal transduction
... and pharmacologic features of the NMDA receptor–channel complex. Seven splice variants of NR1 have been described, which reflect the exclusion or inclusion of three exons, two in the C terminal and one in the N terminal portion (1). These splice variants significantly impact the biophysical characte ...
... and pharmacologic features of the NMDA receptor–channel complex. Seven splice variants of NR1 have been described, which reflect the exclusion or inclusion of three exons, two in the C terminal and one in the N terminal portion (1). These splice variants significantly impact the biophysical characte ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... inhibition of these neurons by the VLPO is thought to play a major role in causing sleep. Steininger et al. (1997) and Yang and Hatton (1997) have shown that electrical stimulation in the VLPO region causes GABAA receptor-mediated hyperpolarization and inhibition of TMN neurons in brain slices. Thes ...
... inhibition of these neurons by the VLPO is thought to play a major role in causing sleep. Steininger et al. (1997) and Yang and Hatton (1997) have shown that electrical stimulation in the VLPO region causes GABAA receptor-mediated hyperpolarization and inhibition of TMN neurons in brain slices. Thes ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... both presynaptic and postsynaptic signals can be recorded with a single, extracellular pipette (Guinan and Li, 1990), and that juxtacellular (loose-patch) recordings can be used to quantify both the strength of synaptic transmission and postsynaptic excitability (Lorteije et al., 2009). Borst and co ...
... both presynaptic and postsynaptic signals can be recorded with a single, extracellular pipette (Guinan and Li, 1990), and that juxtacellular (loose-patch) recordings can be used to quantify both the strength of synaptic transmission and postsynaptic excitability (Lorteije et al., 2009). Borst and co ...
Trapped in endoderm-1 Reveals a Novel Role for Fruitless in
... whereas the loss fruM in males causes the absence of courtship behaviors (Demir & Dickson, 2005). Thus, to understand how genes control behavior, it is crucial to identify the differences between the male and female nervous systems. The D. melanogaster nervous system has a volume of ~0.07 mm3 (Rein ...
... whereas the loss fruM in males causes the absence of courtship behaviors (Demir & Dickson, 2005). Thus, to understand how genes control behavior, it is crucial to identify the differences between the male and female nervous systems. The D. melanogaster nervous system has a volume of ~0.07 mm3 (Rein ...
Undulatory locomotion of polychaete annelids - FORTH-ICS
... amplitude A affects the wavelength and velocity of the travelling wave. Forward, turning, in-placerotation and parallel-parking-like gaits were produced in simulation and studied parametrically. Closedloop control schemes have been developed, based on the decoupled control of the mechanism’s orienta ...
... amplitude A affects the wavelength and velocity of the travelling wave. Forward, turning, in-placerotation and parallel-parking-like gaits were produced in simulation and studied parametrically. Closedloop control schemes have been developed, based on the decoupled control of the mechanism’s orienta ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit
... Abstract | The parieto-frontal cortical circuit that is active during action observation is the circuit with mirror properties that has been most extensively studied. Yet, there remains controversy on its role in social cognition and its contribution to understanding the actions and intentions of ot ...
... Abstract | The parieto-frontal cortical circuit that is active during action observation is the circuit with mirror properties that has been most extensively studied. Yet, there remains controversy on its role in social cognition and its contribution to understanding the actions and intentions of ot ...
Topical Review
... induced to even higher levels by stroke in this region in the aged brain.50 Because stroke largely occurs in aged individuals, EphrinA5 an MAG may provide targets to manipulate axonal sprouting in a clinically important manner. Stroke causes a reduction in specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans ...
... induced to even higher levels by stroke in this region in the aged brain.50 Because stroke largely occurs in aged individuals, EphrinA5 an MAG may provide targets to manipulate axonal sprouting in a clinically important manner. Stroke causes a reduction in specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations
... Abstract | The parieto-frontal cortical circuit that is active during action observation is the circuit with mirror properties that has been most extensively studied. Yet, there remains controversy on its role in social cognition and its contribution to understanding the actions and intentions of ot ...
... Abstract | The parieto-frontal cortical circuit that is active during action observation is the circuit with mirror properties that has been most extensively studied. Yet, there remains controversy on its role in social cognition and its contribution to understanding the actions and intentions of ot ...
Anatomofunctional organization of the ventral primary motor and
... Hand motor activity We first tested hand grasping in the proximity of the monkey’s body, with the arm corresponding to the tested hand restrained, in order to distinguish hand-related motor activity from possible responses due to arm movements; this test was also carried out by closing the monkey’s ...
... Hand motor activity We first tested hand grasping in the proximity of the monkey’s body, with the arm corresponding to the tested hand restrained, in order to distinguish hand-related motor activity from possible responses due to arm movements; this test was also carried out by closing the monkey’s ...
The Olfactory–Limbic System and Multiple Chemical
... identify odor objects, it would be desirable if the olfactory system could detect individual odors in a mixture. Olfactory adaptation may be a strategy used to detect individual odor components. It should not be understood as an olfactory fatigue, but as an active mechanism used by the olfactory sys ...
... identify odor objects, it would be desirable if the olfactory system could detect individual odors in a mixture. Olfactory adaptation may be a strategy used to detect individual odor components. It should not be understood as an olfactory fatigue, but as an active mechanism used by the olfactory sys ...
Congruent Activity during Action and Action Observation in Motor
... Congruent Activity during Action and Action Observation in Motor Cortex Dennis Tkach,1* Jacob Reimer,2* and Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos1,2,3 ...
... Congruent Activity during Action and Action Observation in Motor Cortex Dennis Tkach,1* Jacob Reimer,2* and Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos1,2,3 ...
Word - The Open University
... The scale of the problem facing the human zygote is vast. The zygote, the single cell resulting from the fusion of a sperm and an ovum, is about the size of a full stop on a nomal printed page, yet within 9 months it has become a 3 kg, 50 cm long baby. The single cell has made millions of other cell ...
... The scale of the problem facing the human zygote is vast. The zygote, the single cell resulting from the fusion of a sperm and an ovum, is about the size of a full stop on a nomal printed page, yet within 9 months it has become a 3 kg, 50 cm long baby. The single cell has made millions of other cell ...
Neural circuits underlying the generation of theta oscillations
... et al., 1962), a structure well known for its direct cholinergic projections to the hippocampus. The MS together with the vertical and horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (VDB and HDB) is a midline structure part of a vast region known as basal forebrain (Zaborszky et al., 2005). The MS pr ...
... et al., 1962), a structure well known for its direct cholinergic projections to the hippocampus. The MS together with the vertical and horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (VDB and HDB) is a midline structure part of a vast region known as basal forebrain (Zaborszky et al., 2005). The MS pr ...
Expression of the Emx-1 and Dlx-1 homeobox genes define three
... It is now well established that the structure and cellular functions of many Drosophila developmental genes have been conserved during evolution. In addition, it has been realized that the arrangement along the main body axes of the expression domains of many of these genes, notably the Hox genes bu ...
... It is now well established that the structure and cellular functions of many Drosophila developmental genes have been conserved during evolution. In addition, it has been realized that the arrangement along the main body axes of the expression domains of many of these genes, notably the Hox genes bu ...
Supranuclear control of ocular motility
... locomotion, generating compensatory eye movements to counteract high-frequency head perturbations that occur with each step. One remarkable property of vestibulo-ocular reflexes is their short latency (less than 15 ms). The loss of these reflexes (e.g., caused by gentamycin toxicity) invariably resu ...
... locomotion, generating compensatory eye movements to counteract high-frequency head perturbations that occur with each step. One remarkable property of vestibulo-ocular reflexes is their short latency (less than 15 ms). The loss of these reflexes (e.g., caused by gentamycin toxicity) invariably resu ...
Characterisation of the zebrafish cerebellar efferent system
... described, their origin, their development and the molecular features of ECs remain largely unknown. In this study, the EC population of the zebrafish was identified and characterised using expression analysis in combination with retrograde axon tracing and in vivo time-lapse imaging. In addition, e ...
... described, their origin, their development and the molecular features of ECs remain largely unknown. In this study, the EC population of the zebrafish was identified and characterised using expression analysis in combination with retrograde axon tracing and in vivo time-lapse imaging. In addition, e ...
LESSON 5.2 WORKBOOK How do drugs alter synaptic transmis-
... Nicotine is extremely addictive; many people continue to smoke even when their health is seriously affected. Although tobacco companies and others with vested interests have tried to argue that smoking is a “habit” rather than an “addiction”, it is clear that people who regularly use tobacco behave ...
... Nicotine is extremely addictive; many people continue to smoke even when their health is seriously affected. Although tobacco companies and others with vested interests have tried to argue that smoking is a “habit” rather than an “addiction”, it is clear that people who regularly use tobacco behave ...
Information processing in the cortex: The relevance of coherent oscillations for neuronal communication
... for excitatory neurons and I for inhibitory ones). Several different (and sometimes reduced) cases of this type of network have been studied. Eeckman & Freeman (1990) developed a model for induced rhythms in olfactory structures, in which synchronous oscillation was generated by a feedback loop betw ...
... for excitatory neurons and I for inhibitory ones). Several different (and sometimes reduced) cases of this type of network have been studied. Eeckman & Freeman (1990) developed a model for induced rhythms in olfactory structures, in which synchronous oscillation was generated by a feedback loop betw ...
The representation of Kanizsa illusory contours in the monkey
... be removed from stimuli, revealing how the change affects recognition and neural processing. An extreme reduction is the removal of the very stimulus, defining it with illusory lines. Perceived boundaries without physical differences between shape and background are called illusory (or subjective) c ...
... be removed from stimuli, revealing how the change affects recognition and neural processing. An extreme reduction is the removal of the very stimulus, defining it with illusory lines. Perceived boundaries without physical differences between shape and background are called illusory (or subjective) c ...
Chapter 18: Control and Coordination
... impulses going to and from the brain at the same time. Some nerves contain only sensory neurons, and some contain only motor neurons, but most nerves contain both types of neurons. ...
... impulses going to and from the brain at the same time. Some nerves contain only sensory neurons, and some contain only motor neurons, but most nerves contain both types of neurons. ...
Molecular mechanisms of floor plate formation and neural patterning
... which forms V3 interneurons. It is unclear, how different cell types in this domain are organized during early embryogenesis. I have analyzed a novel homeobox gene in zebrafish, nkx2.2b, which is exclusively expressed in the LFP. Overexpression, mutant and inhibitor analyses showed that nkx2.2b is a ...
... which forms V3 interneurons. It is unclear, how different cell types in this domain are organized during early embryogenesis. I have analyzed a novel homeobox gene in zebrafish, nkx2.2b, which is exclusively expressed in the LFP. Overexpression, mutant and inhibitor analyses showed that nkx2.2b is a ...
brain computer interaction elg5121 (multimedia communication)
... monkey and rat cerebral cortex in order to operate BCIs ...
... monkey and rat cerebral cortex in order to operate BCIs ...
14 MOTOR NUCLEUS OF CRANIAL NERVE VII (MOTOR VII)
... transverse and longitudinal fiber bundles between which are large collections of pontine neurons called the PONTINE GREY (or GRAY). The longitudinal bundles are (1) corticobulbar, (2) corticospinal and, most important for this point, (3) CORTICOPONTINE FIBERS. ...
... transverse and longitudinal fiber bundles between which are large collections of pontine neurons called the PONTINE GREY (or GRAY). The longitudinal bundles are (1) corticobulbar, (2) corticospinal and, most important for this point, (3) CORTICOPONTINE FIBERS. ...
Alan Peters
... At the end of the 2 years in the sixth form I took the Higher School Certificate Examination, which was essentially the entrance examination for university. I recall that I obtained two honors and two passes in the four subjects that I submitted for the examination. This was good enough to gain entr ...
... At the end of the 2 years in the sixth form I took the Higher School Certificate Examination, which was essentially the entrance examination for university. I recall that I obtained two honors and two passes in the four subjects that I submitted for the examination. This was good enough to gain entr ...
Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (March 20, 2003). 10.1152/jn
... between these inputs that determines the membrane potential of the up state. The two K+ currents included in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured i ...
... between these inputs that determines the membrane potential of the up state. The two K+ currents included in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured i ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.