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A Neurodynamical cortical model of visual attention and
A Neurodynamical cortical model of visual attention and

... gradually transforming inputs it receives, which over the ...
PDF
PDF

The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence

The role of eyes in early face processing: A rapid adaptation study of
The role of eyes in early face processing: A rapid adaptation study of

... According to the OSH, larger adaptation effects should be found for inverted than upright adaptors regardless of the category. Thus, in response to S2, a decreased activation should be found for inverted compared to upright adaptors, for each adaptor category tested: houses, mouths, eyes, faces, eye ...
Confidence-Related Decision Making
Confidence-Related Decision Making

... stimuli A and B and the synaptic weights between the neurons within a pool were set so that the network operated in a bistable regime, by which we mean that the spontaneous state is no longer stable when the decision cues are being applied. Then noise and sensory inputs bias the landscape and provok ...
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis

... out forward genetic screens, and the ease of studying unique aspects of dendrite morphogenesis. C. elegans also offers an elegant system for genetic studies of proteins involved in dendrite morphogenesis, and several major findings in the field have originated in nematodes. However, the characteriza ...
Vasopressin Receptors of the Vasopressor (V,)
Vasopressin Receptors of the Vasopressor (V,)

Axonal Localization of Integrins in the CNS Is Neuronal Type and
Axonal Localization of Integrins in the CNS Is Neuronal Type and

... column spinal cord lesion has been demonstrated (Andrews et al., 2009). In addition, expression of the integrin activator kindlin-1 in DRG neurons only promotes limited regeneration in the spinal cord, whereas coexpression of ␣9 and kindlin promotes extensive regeneration and robust functional recov ...
Golgi: a life in science - Oxford Academic
Golgi: a life in science - Oxford Academic

Frontiers in Zoology - Deep Metazoan Phylogeny
Frontiers in Zoology - Deep Metazoan Phylogeny

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Signals from the notochord and floor plate regulate

... transcripts are absent from floor plate cells and the adjacent ventrally located neuroepithelial cells. The zebrafish homologue of Pax-6, pax[zf-a], exhibits a similar pattern of expression in the mid-lateral spinal cord of the early embryo (Krauss et al., 1991a; Pueschel et al., 1992). The spinal c ...
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... mechanisms connecting this information to the properties of cells, tissues and the organism as a whole. In 1971 the DNA revolution caught up with chronobiology for the first time in a publication describing the discovery of a gene in the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), that is involved in gener ...
Rewardguided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus
Rewardguided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus

Slide 1
Slide 1

... • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands; sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons – sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system): part of the ANS ...
Review Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the
Review Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the

Cochlear Implant 1
Cochlear Implant 1

... Thus, with damaged hair cells, the auditory system has no way of transforming acoustic pressure waves (sound) to neural impulses which in turn leads to hearing impairment. Hair cells damage might cause by diseases (e.g meningitis, Meniere’s). If large number of hair cells or auditory neurons through ...
Supranuclear control of ocular motility
Supranuclear control of ocular motility

... Gaze-holding mechanisms act to prevent slip of images on the retina. Steady gaze-holding is achieved by collaboration of vestibular and visually mediated mechanisms. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes operate during locomotion, generating compensatory eye movements to counteract high-frequency head perturbat ...
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Trapped in endoderm-1 Reveals a Novel Role for Fruitless in

... DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER COURTSHIP By Peter Luu Understanding how genes can direct behaviors has been a prevailing goal of neuroscience. Courtship in D. melanogaster is a complex yet stereotyped array of behaviors established by sex-specific genetic pathways mediated by sensory inputs by the nervous ...
Lesion of the perforant path triggers a biphasic neurogenic response
Lesion of the perforant path triggers a biphasic neurogenic response

... injury can affect expression of ECM m olecules and thus post-injury neuroplasticity. Like the astroglial response, these m olecules can have a d ual role in recovery. For exam ple, expression of chond roitin sulfate proteoglycan s is beneficial in containing the size of a lesion, but a few d ays lat ...
Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of
Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of

... direction of motion in a dynamic random dot display1. The difficulty of the task was controlled by varying the fraction of coherently moving dots. At high motion coherences, the animal can commit to an action the moment the stimulus is seen. In contrast, near psychophysical threshold, the monkey mus ...
Horizontal Interactions in Cat Striate Cortex: 1. Anatomical Substrate
Horizontal Interactions in Cat Striate Cortex: 1. Anatomical Substrate

... 1983) and rhodamine-conjugated latex beads (RBs) (Katz et al., 1984). FB was dissolved at a concentration of 5 % in distilled water, DY at a concentration of 2% in distilled water and FG was dissolved at a concentration of 3 % in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (PB) and injected in amounts of 500 nl. RBs wer ...
Neurosteroids: Expression of Steroidogenic Enzymes and
Neurosteroids: Expression of Steroidogenic Enzymes and

EFFECTS OF NANO-SECOND PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS (nsPEF) ON HUMAN PROSTATE CANCER
EFFECTS OF NANO-SECOND PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS (nsPEF) ON HUMAN PROSTATE CANCER

... allowed analysis of the effects of ultrashort duration, high intensity electric fields on living cells. In this thesis we investigated the effects of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) on the protein concentration, DNA concentration and 11β Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) enzyme ...
How Spike Generation Mechanisms Determine the Neuronal
How Spike Generation Mechanisms Determine the Neuronal

... of a simple conductance-based model extremely well. Our study shows how an intrinsic neuronal property (the characteristics of fast sodium channels) determines the speed with which neurons can track changes in input. Key words: populations of spiking neurons; noise; dynamics; sodium channel; integra ...
Cortical interactions underlying the production of speech sounds
Cortical interactions underlying the production of speech sounds

... region for the sound, analogous to the auditory target region mentioned above. This target represents the expected tactile and proprioceptive sensations associated with the sound and is used in the somatosensory feedback control subsystem to detect somatosensory errors. An important feature of the D ...
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Channelrhodopsin



Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.
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